Discussion Papers 2008.
Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area 116-132. p.
13 Agriculture in the Carpathian region
The territory of the Carpathian region comprises some parts of eight countries:
Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and
Ukraine. These countries have very different agro-ecological background, such as
soil, physical surface, and regional climate offering a wide palette of agricultural
farming activities. This paper is attempting to give an overview on the Carpathian
nations’ agricultural farming cultures evolved under the above-mentioned agro-
ecological circumstances and it is also trying to reveal how these nations use agri-
cultural farming for improving their living conditions.
First of all, I would like to point out the fact that within the countries of this
region – with the only exception of Austria – agriculture has by far greater im-
portance than in any other earlier member states that joined the European Union
before 2004. The greater importance of agriculture is manifested by the higher
ratio of agricultural lands of the total land territory, by the higher ratio of man-
power employed in agriculture8 and by the higher contribution of agriculture to
the GDP than in the EU states. Nevertheless, the productivity of agriculture in this
region is much lower than in the older states of the EU. This can be explained by
several reasons: by the overall economic development level of the Carpathian
region (Figure 8), by the lower subsidization of agricultural farming, by the
poorer availability of capital resources etc.
13.1 The relationship between employment of active wage earners
and agricultural farmers
In this region agriculture plays a kind of buffering role in employment as this
sector can provide temporary jobs for the unemployed or if new jobs are created
in industrial or service sector, they can be filled in by agricultural manpower.
13.1.1 Austria
In Austria 5.7% of the total employed persons worked in the agricultural sector in
2002. Apart from the regions around Vienna the highest ratio of people employed
in agriculture can be seen in Lower-Austria (Figure 12). In Burgerland, an under-
developed region by Austrian standards, the ratio of agricultural employment is
below national average (Table 24).
8 By the term ’employed in agriculture’ we mean people working in agricultural, forestry and
fishery sectors.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
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117
Figure 12
The ratio of persons employed in agriculture in the Carpathian region,
% of total (2004)
Source: Eurostat, national statistical yearbooks.
Table 24
The number and ratio of total employed persons and employed persons
in agriculture in Austria (2004)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Burgenland
277.4
122.4
66
6.5
5.3
2. Lower-Austria
1,563.2
702.0
67
61.8
8.8
3. Vienna
1,612.5
888.8
78
8.0
0.9
Österreich 8,173.3
4,139.0
74
235.9
5.7
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
118
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
13.1.2 Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic the 68% ratio of total employed persons is high but the 4%
ratio of persons employed in agriculture is low which can be explained by the
relatively high general level of the country’s economy – within the Carpathian
region.
In the Czech Republic a low ratio of total persons employed implies a low ra-
tio of people employed in agriculture as well. The Czech example in the
Carpathian region demonstrates that in Moravskoslezsko region with the lowest
ratio of total employment has the lowest ratio of people employed in agriculture
while Jihovýchod region has the highest ratio of total employment with also the
highest ratio of people employed in agriculture (Table 25).
Comparing the Austrian and Czech figures from the point of view of total and
agricultural employment we can conclude that the capital city in the Czech Re-
public is excluded from the Czech regions belonging to the Carpathian region.
This makes the implication of higher general employment – higher agricultural
employment coherence more spectacular. Thus, agriculture really has a kind of
buffering role. This is largely relevant for the other countries of East Central
Europe as well.
Table 25
The ratio of total employed persons and persons employed in agriculture
in the Czech Republic (2004)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Jihovýchod
1,640.2
774.1
67
49.3
6.4
2. Strední Morava
1,227.0
558.6
64
28.7
5.1
3. Moravskoslezsko
1,258.9 528.5
59 15.4
2.9
Česka Republika
10,216.0
4,930.5
68
196.3
4.0
Source: Eurostat.
13.1.3 Hungary
In 2004 in the ranking of the total employed people among the 25 members of the
European Union Hungary (56%) was by far lagging behind the average of the EU
taking the 23rd place only and was preceded even by Slovakia. The ratio of people
employed in agriculture (5.1%) is low compared to the Carpathian region’s aver-
age but there are extremely large differences in the ratio of agricultural employ-
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
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THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
119
ment among the Hungarian regions. The ratio of people employed in agriculture is
the lowest in Central-Hungary (1.4%) and the highest in the Southern Great Plain
region (10.8%) (Table 26).
Table 26
The ratio of total employed persons and persons employed in agriculture
in Hungary (2004)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Central-Hungary
2,835.5 1,304.1 66 18.0 1.4
2. Central-Transdanubia 1,111.9
420.5
54
21.1
5.0
3. West-Transdanubia
1,001.8 422.7 61 21.1 5.0
4. North-Hungary
1,275.6
396.3
46
17.3
4.4
5. Northern Great Plain 1,275.6
509.2 49
39.6 7.8
6. Southern Great Plain 1,357.6
484.7 52
52.3 10.8
Hungary 10,107.1
3,879.3
56
198.8
5.1
Source: Eurostat.
Regarding the ratio of total and agricultural employments Hungary is repre-
senting a special model. In the economically more advanced Transdanubian re-
gions with higher ratio of employed people have lower ratio of people working in
the agricultural sector than the national average. Nevertheless North-Hungary
(Figure 12) the weakest region from the point of view of total employment has
almost the lowest ratio of agricultural jobs. Nevertheless, the Great Plain – a re-
gion lagging behind Transdanubia – has the highest ratio of agricultural employ-
ment.
13.1.4 Poland
Poland has the lowest ratio of employment (48%) and a very high ratio (18%) of
agricultural employment in the EU. In the Polish regions of the Carpathian region
the ratio of employed persons – with the exception of Śląskie region – is slightly
above the national average. However the ratio of people employed in agriculture
is by far exceeding even the very high Polish average. This is explained by the
fact that in Poland the collectivisation of agriculture has not been fully accom-
plished leaving traditional small-scale peasant farms in the south-eastern part of
Poland. The older generation of active population did not emigrate from here
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
120
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
because they wanted to preserve old traditions. The middle-aged generation re-
mained here because they could not find any other employment chances in agri-
culture (Table 27).
Regarding the ratio of total and agricultural employment Poland is somewhere
close to the Czech model. A higher ratio of total employment implies higher ratio
of people employed in agriculture in the Polish regions. Śląskie Region is a spe-
cial exception from this rule as it is economically well-advanced under Polish
circumstances, but among the Polish regions of the Carpathian region the em-
ployment ratio here is the lowest (Figure 4), and the ratio of people employed in
agriculture is only one-third of the national average (Figure 12). This is explained
by the fact that Śląskie is an urbanised and industrialised region, and the majority
of agricultural lands is covered by forests requiring a lower amount of agricultural
labour force.
Table 27
The ratio of total employed persons and persons employed in agriculture
in Poland (2004)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Małopolskie 3,256.6
1,097.6
49
245.2
22.3
2. Śląskie 4,709.9
1,568.1
46
98.4
6.3
3. Podkarpackie
2,707.9 694.5
49
207.6
29.9
4. Świętokrzyskie 1,290.1 445.3
50
149.2
33.5
Polska 38,182.2
12,906.9 48 2,314.1 17.9
Source: Eurostat.
13.1.5 Romania
No detailed statistical data have been published on Romania and on the afore-
mentioned countries in the Romanian Statistical Yearbook titled Agriculture and
Sylviculture. Unfortunately the Statistical Yearbook provides data on national
level only saying that Romania has 21.6 million inhabitants. The employment
ratio of the active wage earners is 61%. This means 9.2 million people in absolute
figures. 2.9 million of them is employed in agriculture which is 32% of the total
employment. Among the EU-27 states Romania has the highest ratio of agricul-
tural jobs. This situation originates from the massive termination of urban jobs
after the change of regime in 1990 and from the ’privatization’ of the assets of
cooperatives by a public initiative returning to a private farming system run be-
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
121
fore the collectivization of agriculture. This was a return to the old peasant farm-
ing system which was fostered by the Romanian re-privatization model as well.
Former landowners could reclaim their land up to 10 hectares only and it was
only 10 years after the change of regime when the Romanian laws allowed private
persons to own 50 hectares of land.
The introduction of petty peasant properties increased the ratio of agricultural
employment. However, this is the only East Central European, post-socialist
country where foreigners are allowed to purchase land. Foreigners – mostly Ital-
ians – recently purchased large territories and if this tendency continues it will
drastically decrease the number of agricultural jobs even in the near future.
13.1.6 Serbia
In March 2002, the governments of Yugoslavia and its two constituent parts, Ser-
bia and Montenegro, agreed to replace the federal republic by a state to be called
the Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Each republic would retain its own cur-
rency, tax and budgetary systems, customs services, banking systems and finan-
cial supervision, but the two republics would form a common market with free
movement of people, goods, services and capital. The republics also agreed to
harmonize their respective trade and customs policies by aligning them with the
economic system of the EU.
Macroeconomic conditions are reviewed in the context of aggregate trends for
the two Republics. Economic recovery began in 2000 with a 6–7 percent increase
in real GDP. This growth continued in 2001, despite continued contraction within
the industrial sector, because the agriculture and service sectors recovered
strongly.
13.1.7 Slovakia
In Slovakia both the ratio of total employment (54%) and the ratio of people em-
ployed in agriculture (4.4%) are low. This general figure covers large differences
between Bratislavský kraj – including Bratislava, the capital – and the other parts
of the country. The larger is the distance of a region from the capital the lower
employment ratio it has (Figure 4). By the regional indicators of agricultural em-
ployment the Slovak model is similar to the Hungarian one (Figure 12). In the
central region including Bratislava the ratio of people employed in agriculture is
low but in the less advanced East-Slovakian regions not only the employment
ratio but also the ratio of people employed in agriculture is the lowest within the
country (Table 28).
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
122
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
Table 28
The ratio of total employed persons and persons employed in agriculture
in Slovakia (2004)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Bratislavský kraj
600.4
382.9
86
6.1
1.6
2. Západné Slovensko
1,863.9 697.6
52 38.9 5.6
3. Stredné Slovensko
1,352.5 468.3
49 21.5 4.6
4. Východné Slovensko
1,565.6
586.9
47
23.4
4.6
Slovensko 5,382.4
2,055.7
54
89.9
4.4
Source: Eurostat.
13.1.8 Ukraine
Agrarian sector is an important branch of economy in Ukraine in a whole and
particularly in its Carpathians region. According to the data of the State Statistics
Committee of Ukraine, in 2005 almost 5 million people or 19.3% of total number
of economically active population were involved into agricultural industry and
subsidiary branches (hunting, forestry and fish production). In the Carpathians
region oblasts this indicator is even higher than in Ukraine and fluctuates from
20.0% – in Ľviv oblast to 29.2% in Chernivtsi oblast.
In 2004 these branches contribution in gross domestic product of Ukraine
amounted to 10.8%. In the Carpathian region it was even higher and amounted
correspondingly to 13.8% in Ivano-Frankivsk, 14.4% – in Ľviv, 17.6% in Zakar-
pattia and 22.4% in Chernivtsi oblast (Table 29).
In the Carpathians region the ratio of people employed in agriculture is high
like in Poland and Romania (Figure 12). The highest ratio of people employed in
agriculture can be seen in Chernivtsi oblast.
13.1.9 Summary
As a general figure, the ratio of people employed in agriculture is 7.6% in those
parts of the Carpathian region where we had available statistical data. In case of
Romania we had national level data only and there the ratio of people employed
in agriculture was 32%. If we had available data on Serbia and Ukraine they
would further increase this general ratio. Thus, the role of agriculture in employ-
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
123
ment is very important in the Carpathian region but there are significant differ-
ences in the ratio of agricultural employment among the different regions of the
Carpathians (Figure 12). In all Carpathian countries the ratio of people employed
in agriculture is the lowest in the regions around their capitals: Vienna, Budapest,
Bucharest and Bratislava, where the ratio of total employment is the highest. In
the most backwarded Czech, Slovak and Hungarian regions with the lowest gen-
eral employment ratio the ratio of people employed in agriculture is also the low-
est on national level (Figure 12). However, in the most backwarded Romanian
regions the ratio of people employed in agriculture is the highest.
Table 29
The ratio of total employed and employed persons in agricultural sector
of Ukraine (2005)
Regions
Total number
Employed persons
Persons employed
of persons
in agriculture*
(1000 persons) 1000 persons
%
1000 persons
%
1. Zakarpattia oblast 992.3
551.0
55.5
157.6
28.6
2. Lviv oblast
1,907.1
1,064.6
55.8
212.9
20.0
3. Ivano-Frankivsk oblast 1,013.5 522.5 51.6 135.8 26.0
4. Chernivtsi oblast
664,2
361.7
54.5
105.6
29.2
Ukraine 35,821.2
20,680.0 57.7 3,986.3 19.3
*Agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Source: Eurostat.
13.2 Land use structure
The Carpathian region has various soils and for this reason its land use structure
was also varied during the past centuries. It was influenced by the given country’s
market situation, overall economic development and other factors.
13.2.1 Austria
The ratio of utilized agricultural areas is especially low in the Vienna region
which can be explained by the area’s urbanization.
In Lower-Austria the ratio of green fodder, while in the other two Austrian re-
gions the ratio of permanent crops are extraordinarily high but in Burgenland the
ratio of fallow is also high (Table 30, Figure 13).
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
124
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
Figure 13
The land areas by land use in Carpathian regions (2004)
Key: 1 – Arable land; 2 – Forest; 3 – Grassland; 4 – Green fodder; 5 – Permanent crops;
6 – Vineyards. A – Land use (primary); B – Land use (secondary).
Source: Eurostat.
13.2.2 Czech Republic
The three Carpathian regions of the Czech Republic are in the Jihovýchod region
where the ratio of utilized agricultural area is the highest (Table 31). Here, in the
same regions the ratio of arable land is also high (Figure 13) and the ratio of
green fodder on arable land here is the highest. The other two Czech regions are
mainly covered by forest and wooden areas.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
125
Table 30
The structure of land use in Austria (2004)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area
agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
arable land
1000 1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1.
Burgenland
396.5 188.1
47.4 153.0
38.6 81.1 20.5 0.4 0.1 19.9
5.0 10.3 2.6 20.1 5.1 14.7 3.7 13.6 3.4
2.
Lower-Austria 1917.8 696.2
49.1 696.2
36.3 635.2 33.1 2.0 0.1 211.5 11.0 78.6 4.1 52.0 2.7 32.0 1.7 29.0 1.5
3.
Wien
41.5
5.7
22.4 5.7
13.7 13.0 31.3 0.1 0.2 2.3
5.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.5 1.2 2.9 1.0 2.4
Source: Eurostat.
Table 31
The structure of land use in Czech Republic (2004)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
arable land
1000 1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1.
Jihovýchod
1399.2 750.1
60.7 624.2
44.6 406.9 29.1 0.6 0.0 103.5
7.4 110.8 7.9 5.2 0.4 22.7 1.6 16.0
1.2
2.
Strední
Morava 912.3 400.8
52.0
293.0
32.1
336.3 36.9 0.4 0.1 103.1
11.3
49.6 5.4 2.5 0.3 4.4 0.5 0.6 0.1
3.
Moravskoslezsko 553.5 223.2
51.5
146.6
25.4
196.3 35.4 0.2 0.0 81.8
14.8
23.2 4.2 2.4 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
126
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
13.2.3 Hungary
In the Carpathian region some regions of Hungary, especially in North-Hungary,
Central-Hungary and Southern Great Plain are the only places with significant
ratio of private gardens (Table 32). This country has the highest ratio of arable
land in the Carpathian region. North-Hungary has large vineyard territories
(Figure 13).
As the author of this paper is Hungarian, she could take a look not only at the
Eurostat data but also at the Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture published by the
Hungarian Central Statistical Office. On the basis of these two publications she
could make a comparison and take her major research notes on Hungary as fol-
lows:
1. The utilized agricultural area is the most important data of land use, and it
was a major problem that the relevant Eurostat data are incorrect.9
2. On the basis of the above statement it seems that not all data match within
the two statistical sources: the following land use data are matching: total
area, arable land, forest, private gardens, garland and vineyards.
3. The following land use data are not matching: utilized agricultural area and
permanent crops.
4. The following land use data are included in Eurostat but excluded from the
Hungarian Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture: green fodder on arable land
and fallow.
5. And finally certain data are included in the Hungarian Statistical Yearbook
of Agriculture but excluded from Eurostat: reeds, fishpond and uncultivated
land. Uncultivated land is a significant part of total land area, on national
level about 17%, fit and it is not identical with fallow.
6. It may occur that utilized agricultural area data in Eurostat are incorrectly
given in the case of other Carpathian countries as well. Nevertheless, for a
better comparison this paper still provides Eurostat data of each country.
13.2.4 Poland
In Poland the highest per capita area of fallows is in the Carpathian region (Table
33) but Poland has no vineyards. The ratio of wooded and grassland areas is
dominant (Figure 13). The ratio of arable land is significant in Świętokrzyskie
only, this explains the high ratio of people employed in agriculture there (Figure
12).
9 To illustrate the difference between data let me give an example for the territory of utilized
agricultural areas in Central-Hungary. It is 395.1 thousand hectares (according to Eurostat) and
299.6 thousand hectares (according to the Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
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Table 32
The structure of land use in Hungary (2004)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area
agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
arable land
1000
1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1. Central-
740.4 395.1
53.4 299.6
40.5 151.6 20.5 12.9 1.7 63.4
8.6 11.0 1.5 23.2 3.1 19.5 2.6 6.7 0.4
Hungary
2. Central-
1103.9 644.4
58.4 503.5
45.6 219.4 19.9 12.5 1.1 112.1 10.2 19.7 1.8 9.6 0.9 15.0 1.4 9.5 0.9
Transdanubia
3. West-
1122.3 647.7
57.1 509.2
45.4 285.9 25.5 9.9 0.9 114.1 10.2 21.2 1.9 11.2 1.0 14.3 1.3 7.3 0.7
Transdanubia
4. North-Hungary
1312.0 746.4
56.5 498.3
37.7 377.2 18.6 18.2 1.4 194.2 14.7 10.7 0.8 28.8 2.2 37.2 2.8 22.7
1.7
5. Northern Great
1817.2
1268.6
69.8 970.8
53.4 202.7 11.2 14.6 1.8 337.3 13.1 22.3 1.2 14.8 0.8 44.9 2.5 4.1 0.2
Plain
6. Southern Great
Plain
1846.6
1320.6
71.5 1028.6
55.7 226.9 12.3 18.6 1.0 227.4 12.3 21.5 1.2 19.1 1.0 45.9 2.5 29.7
1.6
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
128
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
Table 33
The structure of land use in Poland (2004)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area
agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
arable land
1000 1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1. Małopolskie
1519.0 744.6 49.0 485.4 22.0 444.3 29.3 4.4 0.3 245.8 16.2 41.4 2.7 59.6 3.9 13.9 0.9 – –
2. Śląskie
1233.1 485.8 39.4 367.6 27.8 397.4 32.2 2.4 0.2 109.9
8.9 22.0 1.8 85.2 6.9 8.4 0.7 – –
3.
Podkarpackie 1784.4 768.1 43.1 542.6 30.4 660.7 37.0 4.6 0.3 215.5 12.1 22.7 1.3 113.9 6.4 11.9 0.7 – –
4. Świętokrzyskie 1170.8 653.0 55.8 493.8 42.2 326.4 27.5 0.8 0.1 133.0 11.4 15.9 1.4 85.7 7.3 26.3 2.3 – –
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
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13.2.5 Romania
In Romania the ratio of utilized agricultural areas is high (Table 34). A large part
of the country has significant ratio of forest and grassland, while other parts of the
country are rich in arable land (Figure 13).
13.2.6 Serbia
Serbia’s Carpathian region part can be divided into lowland and highland areas
from the aspects of agriculture. The Middle-Banat, North-Banat, South-Banat and
Danube-bank regions are plains with fertile soils favouring cereal and industrial
crop farming. Extensive areas of vine growing are available here only on the
sandy soils of the South-Banat region near Veršec. Corn production here is
serving for intensive stock breeding purposes. Besides subsistence farming
competitive agriculture has a significant role on 50–500 hectares of private farms
and state-owned agricultural-industrial complexes. In the Braničevčki, a
Morovski, Borski, Zaječarski and Nišavski regions highland agriculture is
dominating with pasturing and crop farming as main profile but in the valleys
only. This area also has extensive forests. Some places of the area’s western part
are fruit-farming while the eastern parts vine growing sites. This kind of
agriculture – due to the fragmented structure of land properties – is dominated by
subsistence farming activities.
13.2.7 Slovakia
Slovakia is rich in forests and wooded areas (Table 35, Figure 13). Its physical
geographical conditions are excellent for forestry purposes. Tilling of arable land
is important in Západné Slovensko region only.
13.2.8 Ukraine
Forestry is an important industry of primary sector of economy in the Carpathians
region considering its natural and geographic conditions. In 2005 forest area of
four Carpathians oblasts amounted to 2268 thousand hectares, which is 21,0% of
forest reserve of Ukraine.
Ukraine owns the biggest agricultural area in Europe of about 48 million hec-
tares that is good for large scale farming. More than 76% of agricultural land is
used for arable farming. Pasture and grazing land take up 18%, permanent crops
(such as vines) occupy about 2% of agricultural land (Table 36).
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
130
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
Table 34
The structure of land use in Romania (2003)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area
agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
(2007)
arable land
1000 1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1. Nord-Vest
3416.0 2076.6 60.8 1008.0 29.5 1043.6 30.6 26.4
0.8 1006.1 29.5 227,5 6,7
24.2
0.7
62.5 1.8
14.8 0.4
2. Centru
3410.0 1932.6 56.7 767.4 22.5 1242.7 36.4 18.5
0.5 1134.0 33.3 204,4 6,0
26.9
0.8
31.3 0.9
12.0 0.4
3. Nord-Est
3685.0 2109.0 57.2 1349.6 36.6 1236.1 33.5 41.9
1.1
687.6 18.7 260,0 7,1
5.2
0.1
71.8 2.0
42.7 1.2
4. Sud-Est
3576.2 2324.7 65.0 1794.3 50.2
599.7 15.7 25.5
0.7
397.3 11.1 135,2 3,8
24.8
0.7 139.1 3.7 106.4 3.0
5. Sud-Muntenia
3445.3 2448.4 71.1 1964.2 57.0
678.1 19.7 27.5
0.8
374.6 10.9 177,7 5,2
7.6
0.2 109.7 3.2
51.7 1.5
6. Bucuresti-Ilfov
182.1 117.4 64.5 110.3 60.6
25.6 14.1
2.7
1.8
2.5
1.4
13,4 7,4
1.8
1.0
4.6 2.5
2.1 1.2
7. Sud-Vest Oltenia 2921.2 1826.5 62.5 1244.7 42.6
850.4 29.1 15.9
0.5 467.4 16.0 101,3 3,5 8.4 0.3
114.4 3.9 52.2 1.8
8. Vest
3203.3 1961.9 61.3 1098.5 34.3 1043.9 32.6 19.5
0.6
820.6 25.6 143,6 4,5
15.3
0.5
42.7 1.3
10.6 0.3
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
THE APPROACH TO TOURISM AND NATURAL/CULTURAL HERITAGE…
131
Table 35
The structure of land use in Slovakia (2004)
Regions Total
Utilized
Arable
Forest
Private
Grassland Green Fallow Permanent
Vineyards
area
agricultural
land
Wooded
gardens
fodder on
crops
area
area
arable land
1000 1000
% 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 % 1000 %
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
1.
Bratislavský
kraj 205 84 41.0 72 35.1 75 36.6 2 1.0 6 2.9 11 5.4 2 1.0 4 2.0 3 1.5
2. Západné
1499 843 56.2 743 49.6 382 25.5 18 1.2 67 4.5 35 6.3 2 0.1 15 1.0 9 0.6
Slovensko
3. Stredné
1626 469 28.8 214 13.2 840 51.7 6 0.4 246 15.1 58 3.6 2 0.1 3 0.2 2 0.1
Slovensko
4. Východné
1573 539 34.3 332 21.1 707 45.0 6 0.4 196 12.5 72 4.6 5 0.3 5 0.3 2 0.1
Slovensko
Source: Eurostat.
Agriculture in the Carpathian Region.
In: Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area.
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 2008. 116-132. p. Discussion Papers, Special
132
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE CARPATHIAN AREA
Table 36
The structure of land use in the Carpathians region of Ukraine (2007)
Regions Total
Forest Wooded Total agricultural
Agricultural land use
area,
area
area
arable
land
grassland fallows orchard vineyard
1000 ha 1000 ha % 1000 ha % 1000 ha % 1000 ha % 1000 ha % 1000 ha % 1000 ha %
1. Zakarpattia
1,275.3 694.0
54.4 453.5
35.6 200.5 44.2 2,25.9
49.8 0.0 0.0 13.6 3.0 4.6 1.0
oblast
2. Ivano-Frankivsk 1,392.7 626.0
44.9 633.3
45.5 372.4 58.8 2,13.7
33.7 30.7 4.8 9.6 1.5 0.1 0.0
oblast
3. Ľviv
oblast
2,183.1 689.9
31.6 1,268.5
58.1 797.2 62.8 4,47.7
35.3 0.7 0.1 13.8 1.1 0.1 0.0
4.
Chernivtsi
oblast 809.6 258.0
31.9 472.3
58.3 336.5 71.2 1,09.9
23.3 0.0 0.0 14.4 3.0 0.1 0.0
5. The Ukrainian
5,660.7
2,222.9
39.3 2,827.6
50.0 1,706.6 60.4 9,97.2
35.2 31.4 1.1 51.4 1.8 4.9 0.2
Carpathians
6.
Ukraine
60,354.8
10,800.0
17.9
41,675.9
69.1
32,446.2 77.9
79,38.8
19.0 392.2 0.9 280.7 0.7 93.0 0.2
Source: National Statistical Office of Ukraine.