Discussion Papers 1992. No. 16.
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pécs)
CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES
OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
DISCUSSION PAPERS
No. 16
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pecs)
by
HORVATH, Gyula
Series editor
HRUBI, Laszlo
Pecs
1992
Discussion Papers 1992. No. 16.
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pécs)
The Discussion Papers series is sponsored by
BAT Pecsi Dohanygyar Kft.
a Member of the British-American Tobacco Company Group
ISSN 0238-2008
©1992 Centre for Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Technical editor: Szabo, Janosne
Typeset by Centre for Regional Studies, HAS
Printed in Hungary by G-Nyomdasz Ltd, P6cs
Discussion Papers 1992. No. 16.
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pécs)
CONTENTS
Introduction (5)
1. Spatial development of intellectual potential in Hungary (8)
2. Intellectual and cultural resources of Pecs (16)
3. The basis of adaptation strategy of the city of Pecs: developing innovation and
professional culture (21)
4. Possibilities of developing scientific and professional tourism (27)
Summary (30)
Bibliography (33)
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
INTRODUCTION
Similarly to a number of problematical regions (where various phenomena of the crisis
prevail in a concentrated form) of Hungary, the development of Baranya county and
the city of Pecs has reached a turning point (Figure 1). It is no longer possible to pro-
ceed on the road of regional and settlement development that has been followed up till
now. The key to overcome the crisis is the establishment of a modern economy and the
transformation of the economic structure. A precondition to this is a thorough examina-
tion and systematization of the endowments of Pecs and the priorities of a long-term so-
cial and economic policy.
In order to define the intersections of the regional factors and the forecast county,
national, and international level courses it is necessary to select new guiding principles.
A structural transformation needs, in lieu of the traditional sectorial factors of re-
gional and settlement development, a thorough examination of "functional" elements
(status and tendency of spatial division of labor, organizational-economic structure, de-
velopment means), which are more able to manifest the complexity of socio-economic
movements. The market economy will need a settlement policy different from the pre-
sent one, too (Enyedi 1990).
Restructuring and the elaboration of a new urban development strategy, therefore,
must be considered as simultaneous and interdependent tasks. International experience
verifies that, in order to revitalize declining regions, it is inevitable to use new guiding
principles to connect the regional movements, their actors, and the spatial organization
of the economy; and new criteria are necessary to evaluate the relationship of these to
the altered conditions.
The common basic principle of the international revitalization programs is that
long-term perspective of recovering from a social and economic crisis of a city is based not
only on the well established sectorial decisions and financial sources, but it is also depen-
dent on — what may be a the most impulsive power in the future — the success of settle-
ment development endeavors of the local social, political, and economic powers being
realized in consistent programs; that is, on a successful realization and organization of an
innovative urban development strategy (Bennett—Krebs 1991, Castells 1987, Smith—Feagin
1987).
The major effective factors of solving local crisis situations in Hungary (besides the
institutional and ownership aspects, such as privatization, small and medium business
development, etc.) have been linked to the traditional regional development concepts:
saving enterprises in financial difficulty, restructuring, starting new production plants
within the industry.
These solutions can, in the case of the city of Pecs, bring about partial success only.
Primarily, because these measures can not exceed the narrow conceptual framework
that in the past decades, besides some objective conditions, have limited the direction
and possibilities of development of the city (Horvath — Hrubi 1992).
More precisely, in addition to the existence of coal and uranium deposits, ideological
and political considerations played role in forming the character of the city, too. Among
5
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
ry
a
Hung
t
hern
sou
in
d
te
a
loc
s,
f Pec
o
ity
c
d
an
ty
n
a
cou
Barany
6
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
these was especially the vulgar-Marxist theorem, and the practice that tried to realize it,
that claims that industry, and particularly heavy industry, is the key element of the eco-
nomy; with even more emphasis on the primary resource exploitation in an economy
oriented to autarchy. These factors, together with some other components resulted in
the exaggerated industrialization policy that often did not account for actual needs and
possibilities. The role of cities in the social division of labor was misinterpreted, i.e. that
their function as industrial centres was over-emphasized. This policy artificially, though
not always intentionally, increased the economic and political contrasts among cities
and villages; while in a healthy society the two types of settlements live together not in
rivalry but in symbiosis, assisting each other.
Some important historical facts and observations in connection with the develop-
ment of the cities and their functions seem to have been forgotten. First of all, that the
city is the main location not only for the industry that has been separated from the agri-
culture (although often profitably utilizes it); but it is a similarly important commercial,
administrative, cultural (including educational), religioits, military, health care, etc. central
place, too.
These areas of social activity are not only urban functions carried by central settle-
ments of smaller or greater regions in the interests of the settlements within their gravi-
ty zones, too, as a service; but these have been, since the medieval ages, urban develop-
ment and city forming factors as well.
Although there has not been much said about complex development concepts of re-
gional centers of intellectual life in Hungary yet; some movements into the direction of
regionalizing intellectual life have been observed already, while the most important cha-
racteristic in this debate is the increase of objections. Opposition and objections have
various background sources.
Administrative and institutional interest groups have emphasized primarily the illu-
sory nature of forming such regional centres. Nevertheless, the hardest obstacle seems
to have been the county political interests, which strived for having higher and public
educational institutions in each county. Diverging county interests did not aim at crea-
ting regional cultural centers but rather at dissipating resources which could have been
used for concentrated development. The frittered resources have been made even less
significant by the fact that the future or desirable intellectual centers have not been
playing any role of political or administrative centers in their wider gravity zones. This
conceptional course of the 1970s and 1980s has to be considered an unfavorable line of
development; it caused the institutionalizing of administrative levels that are not suitab-
le for creating a national network of higher educational, academic, and art institutions.
The present problems of Pecs, one of the regional intellectual centres of the coun-
try prove that not only industry, or certain sectors of industry, are in crisis but the whole
economy. Not only the industrial structure was one-sided and disproportionate but the
financing and structure of the various urban functions, too. Therefore, if we want to
overcome the present troubles, the future must be thought and planned as a complexity,
seeing the healthy urban life as one unity. Furthermore, the interdependency and the
links between the city and its surroundings must be taken into consideration in every
step. It is impossible to carry out the changes and the creation of a city that is develo-
ping dynamically in the long term without the complex development of the intellectual
infrastructure closely connected to the economy. If the future economic functions of Pecs
will be connected to technological innovation, industrial restructuring, and marketable
7
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
production, the capacity and institutional structure of the intellectual potential will play
a determinant role. In the social and economic development of the city such courses
will need to have happened by the turn of the century that result in: (a) that a dec-
reasing, but highly skilled labor force of manufacturing industries will produce an out-
put value higher than the present one; and (b) the major part of employees will be
found in the value-producing tertiary sectors.
This longer term future image of the city makes it very important to examine the
cultural resources of Pecs from the viewpoint of urban development, too. A number of
examples of revitalization of depression areas in developed countries prove that the in-
tellectual life, culture, cultural services mean important forces of urban development,
and take part in the re-organization of the socio-economic structure of the city in eco-
nomic crisis as pulling sectors.
First, these sectors, as value transmitters, satisfied the increasing intellectual needs;
assisted the change of identity linked with traditional economic bases to new local iden-
tity. Second, as value producers, contributed to the expansion of the economic basis of
the city. Third, they attracted capital carrying the prestige generating function of cultural
elements.
This triple urban development function of culture has not yet been taken into
account in Hungarian settlement development policy. Culture, as economic sector, has
been approached with the traditional fiscal attitude, thus the above complexity has not
been realized in urban development. Therefore, it can be an important new model if a
city can base its cultural development on the above approach, that is, the direct and
indirect impacts of culture on the economic structure can be demonstrated in a wider
social and economic environment; and if new objective needs for the expansion of cul-
tural services can be revealed.
1. SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL IN HUNGARY
The present spatial structure of the intellectual resources of Hungary is a result of long
historical development.
Apart from the University of Pecs which was founded in 1367 (during the Western
European big wave of founding Universities) and operated through near a hundred
years, there was no higher education institution in Hungary till the middle of the 17th
century. Hungarian intellectuals studied at Italian, Dutch, Swiss, German, Polish and
Czech Universities (Farkas Tam&
—
1981). The new University founded in 1635 in the
territory of the present day Slovakia (and moved to Buda in 1777) was the only higher
education institute for near two hundred years. After the establishment of the Hungari-
an Academy of Sciences (1828) a number of scientific societies were founded in the
country, and in 1872 the University of Kolozsvar began to work (presently Cluj, Ruma-
nia). The idea of a third University was raised around the millennium of the Hungarian
state. Finally, the government founded, in 1912, two universities (one in Debrecen and
one in the present day Slovak capital, Pozsony). In this time there can be found as many
as 60 colleges in the area of historical Hungary.
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
After the Trianon Peace Treaty the universities and colleges outside of the new
Hungarian borders moved to the mother country, although this usually meant moving
people while the majority of equipment remained beyond the borders. In the early
1920s the University of Pecs and, in the North-Western part of the country, the Sopron
University of Mining and Forestry were formed.
By this time higher education had been concentrated in the capital. While in the
early 1880s 33.6 per cent of the students of higher education studied in Budapest, in
1903 this number was already 57.9 per cent, and in 1934 53.1 per cent. Similar tendency
of concentration can be observed in other sectors of research infrastructure (libraries,
book- and periodical publishers), following the increased strengthening of the role of
the capital in the administration and economy of the country.
After World War II the country can be characterized fundamentally by the diffe-
rentiation of intellectual potential, while quantitative index numbers were improved sig-
nificantly. In the whole territory of the country the bases of elementary, secondary, and
vocational education were built. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences formed its own
research institute network, the various ministries and central authorities organized their
own research and development centres, too. Development of research institutes was al-
most entirely limited to the capital (Table 1).
The Hungarian research and development sector has been broken down into a
number of separate parts. The independent research and development institutes have
the highest level of budget, followed by industrial R + D centres, and then higher educa-
tion institutions. However, on the basis of the number of professional employees
(researchers) the order is reversed (Table 2).
The spatial concentration of research and development preserved the pre-World
War II level in Hnngary. This is characteristic for all types of R + D organizations.
Ratios similar to the concentration of research institutions in the capital can be obser-
ved in the case of industrial research centres (59.1 per cent of their employees and 48.5
per cent of their budget is in the capital), and in the case of higher education instituti-
ons the weight of the capital is slightly entailer (46.0 per cent of employees, 48.5 per
cent of budget).
This concentration should be regarded as an alarming situation. It is well known
that research is always situated in a concentrated way, and finds its intellectual infra-
structure in big cities. (Apart from agricultural research the important bases of which
are in the countryside.) However, this extreme concentration makes Budapest the only
many-sided research centre in the country, a single island of intellectual renewal and
modernization. (This hinders modernization further, because e.g. more than 50 per cent
of modern small business can be found in the capital, 42 percent of industrial exports
come from Budapest, while only 21 percent of the population of the country and of the
industrial employees live in the capital.) Modernization of a country can not be limited to
one area — as it is demonstrated by the case of developed market economies.
The predominance of the capital is not the only spatial disproportion. Near two
third of the countryside research capacity is limited to six counties (Table 3). Principally
the core region of the country, i.e. Pest county around the capital, furthermore, the
counties of the large university centers (Pecs, Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, and
Veszprem) show outstanding data. However, the weight of these compared to the
capital is still slight.
9
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 1
Change of the regional structure of research institutions, 1960-1990
Number of employees
Percentage share
at research institutions
1960
1970
1990
1960
1970
1990
Budapest
13,118
24,941
11,826
85.5
89.2
76.1
Countryside
2,227
3,859
3,710
14.5
10.8
23.9
Total
15,345
28,800
15,536
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Farkas—Tatnas 1981. p. 107.; Tudomanyos kutatas es kiserleti fejlesztes
1990. p. 17.
Table 2
Data of R +D organisations, 1990
Number of
Per
Number of
Per Expenditure
Per
R + D places
cent
employees
cent
Million Ft
cent
R + D institutions
69
5.4
15,536
26.0
12,578
43.9
Higher education
940
74.9
22,787
38.2
5,071
17.7
Business R + D places
174
13.9
17,134
28.7
9,528
33.3
Other organizations
73
5.8
4,266
7.1
1,442
5.1
Total
1,256
100.0
59,723
100.0
28,619
100.0
Source: Tudomanyos kutattis es kiserleti fejlesztes. 1990. p. 17., 21.
10
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 3
Data of R + D places by counties, 1987
Total number
Per cent
Percentage
Expenditure
of R+D
of
R+ D expendi-
share of
per one
County
total
ture
expendi-
researcher
ture
Thou-
Million Rank
sand Rank
Ft
Ft
Budapest
50,839
65.5
18,730
1
70.5
741
9
Baranya
1,944
2.5
223
12
0.8
185
20
Bacs Kiskun
678
0.9
132
13
0.5
422
11
-
&Ices
756
1.0
246
10
0.9
1,319
4
Borsod-Abadj-Zemplen
2,322
3.0
720
6
2.7
725
10
Csongrad
3,656
4.7
747
5
2.8
412
13
Fe*
2,455
3.2
1,250
2
4.7
1,577
2
Gyor-Moson-Sopron
1,449
1.9
579
8
2.2
808
8
HajdU-Bihar
3,225
4.1
631
7
2.4
362 16
Heves
570
0.7
73
16
0.4
226 19
Komarom-Esztergom
624
0.8
233
11
0.9
1,137
6
Nograd
241
0.3
38
19
0.1
421
12
Pest
4,050
5.2
1,226
3
4.6
899
7
Somogy
220
0.3
44
18
0.2
340
17
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg
745
1.0
120
14
0.4
369 15
Szolnok
711
0.9
260
9
1.0
1,227
5
Tolna
247
0.3
88
15
0.4
1,655
1
Vas
162
0.2
19
20
0.0
243 18
Veszprem
2,414
3.1
1,150
4
4.3
1,345
3
Zala
355
0.4
65
17
0.2
409
14
Total
77,663
100,0
26,574
100.0
986
-
Source: Tudomknyos Kutatas es Fejlesztes. 1987. p. 48.
11
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
The disproportionate development of R + D basis is demonstrated by the spatial
separation of industrial research centers and institutions of basic research (academic
research institutes and universities). In the northern industrial zones industrial research
centers are more dominant while basic research is insufficient. Only one tenth of in-
dustrial research institutions can be found in university towns. This spatial dis-
proportion puts a constraint on technological modernization and the establishment of
its necessary regional organizational forms (industrial and innovation parks, technologi-
cal centers, etc.) (Enyedi, 1987).
It was pointed out above that, although there is a high concentration of higher edu-
cation in the capital, its indices are still more favorable than those of the R + D network.
Besides the deformed spatial structure the quantitative underdevelopment of higher
education is an obstacle to Hungarian economic recovery. Hungary has a rather unfavo-
rable position among European countries considering the number of university and
college students per one hundred thousand people (Table 4) .
The internal structure of higher education is not modern either. 54.4 percent of stu-
dents study at universities, and the rest at independent colleges giving shorter and lower
level high education.
The spatially scattered countryside high education network can not balance the out-
standing position of the capital (Table 5). There has not been formed large, competitive
universities in Hungary that could easily be able to connect into the European research
and education networks. Countryside high education bases are small even from the
European point of view (the number of their students is between 500 and 10,000). This
is a result of the inadequately considered development policy, as a consequence of
which in 33 settlements of the county can higher education institution be found (the
average number of students per institution is, without the data of Budapest, 1,726,
which is much less than the European average) (Figure 2).
It is a principal, not only cultural but regional development, task that regional in-
tellectual centers should be reinforced. University towns have the best opportunity for
this. Larger cities with many-sided intellectual potential — Debrecen, Pecs, and Szeged
— are situated in the less industrialized Eastern and Southern peripheries of the country
with their deficient technological training background; whereas the academic research
basis of the industrialized North is weak and one-sided. Outside of Budapest in Nort-
hern Hungary there is university only in Miskolc, but its industrial engineering profile
has fallen into deep crisis. Therefore, the capital is not only quantitatively predominant
but this is the only area of the country where industry, developed service sector, and re-
search and development capacity have met each other. This way, at the entrance to the
innovative economic development that needs highly intensive research the advantages
of Budapest are much greater than they were ever in the era of extensive industry deve-
lopment. This is alarming because if research and production is separated spatially to
this extent then diffusion of modern industries, business forms, and innovation will be
difficult, and even the up-to-date "enclave" will not be able to expand but it will rather
waste away.
12
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 4
Number of students in higher education in European countries, 1980-1985
Change
Number of students Change
Country
Number of
in per
per 100 thousend
in
students, 1,000
cent
inhabitants
per cent
1980
1985
1980
1985
Belgium
196.2
247.5
26.1
2,111
2,499
18.4
Denmark
106.2
114.6
7.9
2,074
2,236
7.8
Germany
1,223.2
1,550.2
26.7
1,987
2,546
28.1
Greece
121.1
148.5
22.6
1,256
1,518
20.9
Spain
681.0
787.9
15.7
1,819
2,067
13.6
France
1,076.7
1,255.5
16.6
2,005
2,310
15.2
Ireland
54.7
67.4
23.2
1,610
1,888
17.3
Italy
1,117.7
1,182.0
5.7
1,959
2,065
5.4
Netherlands
360.0
390.2
8.3
2,544
2,704
6.3
Portugal
92.2
101.3
9.8
932
1,005
7.8
United Kingdom
827.1
1,007.0
21.7
1,478
1,795
21.4
Austria
136.8
173.2
26.6
1,822
2,309
26.7
Finland
123.2
128.0
3.6
2,577
2,616
1.5
Norwey
79.1
94.1
19.0
1,936
2,278
17.7
Sweden
203.7
220.9
8.4
2,451
2,650
8.1
Switzerland
85.1
110.1
29.3
1,346
1,790
33.0
Bulgaria
101.4
113.8
12.2
1,144
1,255
9.7
Czehoslovakia
197.0
169.3
- 14.1
1,287
1,087
- 15.5
Yugoslavia
412.0
360.4
- 12.6
1,848
1,571
- 15.0
Romania
192.8
159.8
- 17.1
868
694
- 20.1
Poland
589.1
454.2
- 22.9
1,656
1,221
- 26.0
Hungary (1990)
101.2
102.4
1.2
944
989
4.8
Source: Nemzetkozi Statisztikai Evkonyv. 1989. p. 334.
13
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 5
Number of students in higher education by counties, 1980-1990
Number of students
Percentage
Share
County
change
in
per cent
1980
1990
1990
Budapest
47,836
45,417
- 5.1
44.4
Baranya
7,446
5,309
- 15.3
6.2
Bacs-Kiskun
2,959
2,359
- 20.3
2.3
Bekes
903
1,178
+ 30.5
1.2
Borsod-Abaftj-Zemplen
3,837
4,226
+ 10.1
4.1
Csongrad
8,582
10,041
+ 16.9
9.8
Fejer
1,945
1,128
- 42.1
1.1
Gyor-Moson-Sopron
4,987
4,633
- 7.1
4.5
Hajdfi-Bihar
6,904
7,922
+ 14.7
7.7
Heves
2,297
3,038
+ 32.2
3.0
Komarom-Esztergom
950
726
- 23.6
0.7
Negrad
726
558
- 23.2
0.5
Pest
1,979
3,378
+ 70.8
3.3
Somogy
1,375
1,286
- 6.5
1.3
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg
3,188
3,192
+ 0.1
3.1
Szolnok
1,379
1,541
+ 11.7
1.5
Tolna
259
552
+ 113.1
0.5
Vas
1,489
2,288
+ 53.6
2.3
Veszprem
887
1,248
+ 40.7
1.2
Zala
1,238
1,367
+ 10.4
1.3
Total
101,166
102,387
+ 1.2
100.0
Source: Terilleti Statisztikai Evkonyv. 1980. p. 232.; 1990. pp. 190-194.
14
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
▪
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
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15
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
2. INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES OF PECS
The number one element of intellectual resources is population, with its composition,
level of education, employment structure.
Not considering now the demographic and educational composition of the city, let
us demonstrate the importance of the cultural resources of Pecs by the sectorial distribu-
tion of active wage earners.
-
Similarly to other large cities and county seats of the country,
the ratio and number of people employed in cultural and academic services is higher
than the national average. On the basis of the data of the censuses in 1970 and 1980 the
structural change and modification of the proportion of this sector can be demonstrated
(Tables 6 and 7). Between 1970 and 1980 the number of active employees in all of the
city's tertiary sectors showed greater rate of growth than the average of 12.9 per cent.
Behind science and academic services (being still insignificant sector in terms of num-
ber of employees), and personal and business services, educational and cultural services
take the third place in terms of growth rate. This above-average growth rate has accele-
rated the weight of the sector, too. As opposed to 1970 when 7.1 per cent of the active
wage-earners worked in the sectors of culture and science, this number was 9.5 per cent
in 1980. Because of the nature of this sector, this ratio is much higher (35.2 per cent)
within the population having higher education degree.
Secondary school education is a fundamental element of the appearance, level, and
quality of intellectual resources. Its characteristics are influenced by the urban econo-
mic structure, the traditions of educational institutions, and the administrative status of
Pecs. In the case of the first factor the network and capacity of the vocational training
school system is determinant; institutions are bound to basic settlement functions; and
the last factor is related to the regional role of Pecs.
Various qualitative and quantitative indexes can demonstrate the development of
vocational training and secondary education. This time the qualitative analysis (the
structure, equipment, etc., of secondary education) has to be disregarded, we can only
quantitatively outline the position of the city - primarily compared to settlements of si-
milar status (county seats).
Data of Table 8 show an unfavorable picture of the position of Pecs from the point
of view of intellectual potential. The last column, which is best representing the quantity
of resources (secondary school students per one thousand inhabitants in the city), is
rather unfavorable. Pecs takes the 15th place among the 19 county seats, which can not
be explained by the demographic structure of the city, since — as it is shown by Table 9
—according to the number of primary school students per one thousand people Pecs
takes the 6th place. Analyzing the data it must be concluded that the city of Pecs — as an
effect of the educational financing system of the normative regulation of the Hungarian
secondary education network — has fallen into the trap of regional equalization. The fa-
vorable — although, monopolistic — position of the city that used to be characteristic be-
fore World War II has disappeared, and Pecs can not be considered as a nationally out-
standing secondary educational center any more.
Further important components of the intellectual resources of the city are the size
and structure of higher education and academic potential.
16
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 6
Distribution of active wage-earners by sectors in P6cs, 1970
Active wage-earners
With university/
Sector
college degree
number
per cent
number
per cent
Manufacturing
32,562
45.0
1,196
19.4
Construction
5,295
7.3
310
5.1
Agriculture and forestry
4,220
5.8
377
6.1
Transportation and
communication
5,939
8.2
253
4.1
Commerce
7,716
10.7
253
4.1
Services
2,950
4.1
81
1.3
Health and social
services
3,822
5.3
769
12.5
Cultural services
5,154
7.0
1,997
32.5
Science
42
0.1
22
0.4
Public administration and
other services
4,715
6.5
895
14.6
Total
72,415
100.0
6,153
100.0
Source: Nepszamlalasi adatok, Pecs varos. 1970. p. 229.
17
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 7
Distribution of active wage-earners by sectors in Pecs, 1980
Active wage-earners
Change
With university
Sector
1980/1970
or college degree
number
per cent
per cent
number per cent
Manufacturing
32,821
40.1
100.7
1,672
17.3
Construction
6,882
8.4
129.9
587
6.1
Agriculture and forestry
3,057
3.7
72.4
469
4.9
Transportation and
communication
7,087
8.7
119.3
436
4.5
Commerce
9,584
11.7
124.2
394
4.0
Services
4,847
5.9
164.3
248
2.6
Health and social services
5,450
6.7
142.6
1,286
13.3
Education
6,394
7.8
3,036
31.4
147.8
Cultural services
1,222
1.5
331
3.3
Science
137
0.2
326.2
50
0.5
Public admin. and
other services
4,303
5.1
91.2
1,169
12.1
Total
81,784
100.0
112.9
9,678
100.0
Source: NepszamMlasi adatok, Pecs Wray. 1980. p. 198.
18
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 8
Data of secondary education and vocational training schools, county seats, 1980-90
Number of students
Number of
per one teacher
per one classroom per 1,000
County seat
clossrooms
inhabitants
1980
1990
1980
1990
1980
1990
1980
1990
Budapest
1,526 2,148
12.4
12.8
31.9
35.8
23.6
38.1
Bokescsaba
86
134
14.0
11.9
33.0
31.3
42.2
61.9
Debrecen
200
322
13.7
13.2
37.7
37.1
39.0
55.9
Eger
98
145
15.2
13.8
36.8
38.7
58.9
89.8
Gyor
161
234
14.0
12.7
35.5
37.9
45.9
68.4
Kaposvdr
87
123
12.9
12.6
31.5
32.3
37.2
55.6
Kecskemet
68
145
14.8
13.3
33.6
32.7
24.9
45.8
Miskolc
295
339
14.9
13.5
31.5
33.6
44.8
58.7
Nyfregyhdza
138
192
14.8
13.9
31.4
35.1
40.1
58.8
PECS
175
237
12.5
12.0
33.2
34.0
34.3
47.4
Salgotarjan
59
75
12.3
11.1
31.9
36.4
38.2
57.5
Szeged
182
262
13.2
13.4
32.7
35.2
34.6
52.3
Szekszard
62
65
13.1
12.8
31.5
35.9
56.5
70.1
Szekesfehervar
130
196
14.7
15.5
35.8
38.9
45.1
59.9
Szolnok
87
154
14.1
13.6
36.9
32.2
42.6
63.1
Szombathely
107
132
14.5
13.6
33.9
40.0
43.8
61.6
Tatabanya
82
91
14.0
13.3
27.1
31.7
29.3
39.1
Veszprem
70
109
14.2
12.5
33.5
36.8
42.7
62.4
Zalaegerszeg
95
119
13.3
12.8
31.5
34.3
54.1
65.5
Hungarian cities
total
5,686 8,356
13.3
12.8
31.3
33.9
44.5
44.1
Source: Teriileti Statisztikai Evkonyv. 1980. p. 178.; 1990. p. 184.
19
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 9
Elementary school data by county seats, 1980-90
Number of students
County seat
per one classroom
per one teacher
per 1,000 inhabitants
1980
1990
1980
1990
1980
1990
Budapest
34.7
25.2
14.6
12.7
83.8
91.8
Bekescsaba
31.4
25.3
14.9
10.6
99.8
106.5
Debrecen
38.1
30.1
16.5
13.5
101.5
113.1
Eger
33.6
26.7
17.5
11.4
100.9
116.8
Gy6r
36.4
26.8
15.3
13.3
114.1
116.7
Kaposvar
37.6
27.7
16.5
12.3
105.0
118.6
Kecskemet
37.9
29.0
16.3
13.2
108.0
117.1
Miskolc
44.2
29.5
14.6
12.4
106.5
115.8
Nyiregyhaza
33.7
27.0
14.6
11.6
116.5
125.5
PECS
37.7
27.4
14.6
11.0
104.1
103.6
Salgotarjan
30.7
25.5
14.4
12.2
109.6
118.1
Szeged
33.7
26.3
15.6
12.1
96.4
104.4
Szekszard
33.6
28.5
15.0
12.6
107.0
120.5
Szekesfehervar
40.8
29.6
18.5
15.1
110.4
125.3
Szolnok
41.4
27.7
14.9
11.6
110.0
121.2
Szombathely
34.4
27.1
16.6
12.4
114.3
115.7
Tatabanya
37.4
26.4
16.5
13.6
108.8
113.1
Veszprem
36.2
26.0
17.3
12.8
127.2
131.9
Zalaegerszeg
38.8
27.7
16.5
12.7
117.6
123.9
Hungarian cities total
36.0
26.7
15.7
12.8
100.8
109.9
Source: Teraleti Statisztikai tykOnyv. 1980. p. 176.; 1990. p. 182.
20
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Pecs is still an important academic and research basis of Hungary. However, the re-
lative weight of the city has decreased since 1945. As a result of the relative — rather
moderate, in international comparison — extension of higher education to masses pre-
sently each county seat, with the exception of Tatabanya, has its own higher education
institute. While up to the end of the 1960s Pecs was the only higher education center of
South-Transdanubia, today 66.7 per cent of the students of the same region studies in
this city. As a consequence of the vicissitudious development of the University of Pecs
and the reformation of teacher training the proportion of Pecs students in the country
has decreased from 7.4 per cent to 6.2 per cent between 1980 and 1990 (Table 10). In
this period Budapest's proportion has decreased besides that of Pecs, while the
proportion of the other three regional academic centers has increased.
Can Pecs be considered as an school town upon these data? It must be remembe-
red, first of all, that this type of city, as a result of the ideological and political practice
of Socialism, has vanished from Hungary, despite the significant traditions. Real educa-
tional cities with peculiar intellectual characteristics on the basis of secondary and
higher education can not be observed today. In the traditional educational cities (Sop-
ron, Keszthely, Szarvas, Go&116, Sarospatak) the number and ratio of students in the
population is similar to the same indexes of other cities.
Table 11 illustrates that the position of Pecs is the least favorable among the Trans-
danubian and Great Plain regional centres. This demonstrates that, from the point of
view of the future of the city, a comprehensive school development plan is needed.
Finally, it must be pointed out, as one of intellectual resources, that both in the city
and in the county there is a rather weak research and development background which
could make the basis of a future market diversification - opposed to the general public
opinion. Some data can illustrate this. In 1987 2 per cent (1,975 people) of the active
wage-earners of the city worked in R + D institutions (universities, colleges, full time re-
searchers at institutions and enterprises) (Table 12). The same number is nationally 1.8,
in Szeged 4.0, and in Debrecen 3.4 per cent.
3. THE BASIS OF ADAPTATION STRATEGY OF THE CITY OF PECS:
DEVELOPING INNOVATION
AND PROFESSIONAL CULTURE
The goal of economic restructuring of Pecs is to decrease the weight of material and
energy intensive, often heavy polluting, sectors; furthermore, to diminish or eliminate
production with deficit, and to increase the revenue productivity of the economy by in-
troducing efficient production forms. Economic restructuring is motivated by the
flexible accommodation to the needs of (internal and external) market. If restructuring
is missed, that results in the long run that the industries of the city may be squeezed out
of the markets.
The change of structure inevitably results in the transformation of the structure of
employment, too. An efficient production structure needs a different volume and qua-
lity of labor force: it assumes and increased mobility of the labor force. Since the
21
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 10
Number of students * in higher education, 1980-1990
1980
1990
City
number
per cent
number
per cent
PECS
7,446
7.4
6,309
6.2
Janus Pannonius Univ.
4,420
3,791
Univ. of Medical Sciences
1,302
1,239
Pollack M. Engineering Col.
1,655
1,168
College of Music
69
111
Budapest
47,836
47.3
45,417
44.4
Debrecen
6,319
6.2
7,513
7.2
Szeged
8,582
8.5
9,692
9.4
Gy6r
3,331
3.3
2,966
2.8
Miskolc
2,588
2.5
3,619
3.6
Other cities
25,064
24.8
27,012
26.4
Total
101,166
100.0
102,387
100.0
* Including all full-time, part-time, and evening school students.
Source: Terilied Statisztikai Evkonyv. 1980. p. 180.; 1990. p. 186.
22
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 11
"School towns" in Hungary, 1990
Number of higher-than-elementary
Rank
Settlement
school students per one thousand
people
1.
Eger
95.2
2.
Fehergyarmat
86.9
3.
Esztergom
79.2
4.
Tokaj
78.2
5.
Sarospatak
76.1
6.
Szeged
73.5
7.
Mateszalka
72.8
8.
Keszthely
70.9
9.
Debrecen
70.6
10.
Gyor
70.2
11.
Vac
70.1
12.
Kisvarda
68.2
13.
Szombathely
68.1
14.
PECS
64.9
15.
Baja
64.4
16.
Godo116
62.4
17.
Veszprem
61.7
18.
Szekszard
61.2
19.
Sopron
60.4
20.
Miskolc
58.2
21.
Balassagyarmat
57.7
22.
Kaposvar
56.8
23.
Satoraljafijhely
56.2
24.
Csorna
55.9
25.
Koszeg
54.3
26.
Veszprem
54.3
27.
SalgOtarjan
53.7
28.
Szarvas
53.2
29.
Szekesfehervar
52.5
30.
Szolnok
52.1
31.
Bekescsaba
51.4
32.
Berettyoujfalu
50.6
33.
Papa
50.6
Source: The author's calculations, on the basis of Teruleti Statisztikai Evklinyv.
23
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
Table 12
R + D places in regional centres, 1987
Total number of
Of this,
Researchers, Expenditure
County and
Number of
employees
researchers
with academic Million Ft.
city
R + D places number per cent
number per cent of degree
intellectuals
with degrees
BARANYA
83
1,975
1.2
1,263
7.7
249
258.4
Of this: PECS
82
1,961
2.0
1,255
12.6
249
252.1
Borsod-Abafij-Z,emplen 50 2,322
0.9
1,073
4.9
156
794.1
Of this: Miskolc
39
1,727
1.5
841
10.5
147
427.4
Csongrad
130
3,623
2.3
1,963
11.4
532
892.3
Of this: Szeged
120
3,212
4.0
1,837
17.8
522
796.9
Gyor-Sopron
53
1,528
0.9
738
4.3
98
583.5
Of this: Gyor
10
773
0.9
398
4.5
13
413.3
Hajdti-Bihar
78
3,304
1.8
1,770
9.4
447
818.0
Of this: Debrecen
76
3,145
3.4
1,698
17.0
446
740.1
Country total
1,310 75,429
1.8
36,453
8.2
5,583
30,908.0
Source: Tudomanyos Kutatas es Fejlesztes. 1987. p. 53.
24
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
structural transformation almost necessarily induces unemployment, rationalization of
economic systems faces a significant social opposition, regardless to the type of the
system.
An accommodation to the changing market needs can be defined as a continuous
adjustment. If this is successful, then the competitiveness of the city or its business firms
will be improved. Therefore, a continuous observation of the changing needs, supplying
products and services that fulfill these needs at a high level, and a permanent adjust-
ment are essential conditions of the competitiveness of the city. The ideas of some inte-
rest groups that emphasize shifting costs, instead of adjustment, as a reaction to market
changes, are naive, because it would lead to further position loss which can bring se-
rious consequences.
The goal of the adaptation strategy is increasing the value-added which is realized
in the region. This requirement can be met by such a concept of structural policy that
decreases the dependence on the factor conversion organized on the basis of traditional
endowment of resources. This concept, naturally, needs to include the comparative
infrastructural endowments, regional administration system, and other factors that in-
fluence the adaptation ability of the city.
Emphasizing the development of manufacturing as a center of industrial strategy
means a policy, especially R +D policy, that is fundamentally different from the previous
one. Introduction of value-increasing industrial cultures can be feasible with speeding
up technological development and establishing innovation-oriented environment in the
county. (Not mentioning other; well known macroeconomic and policy issues without
which it is impossible to raise the Hungarian industry to the international level.)
In the restructuring of the region of Pecs a technological development, in the broad
sense, must be taken into account as an independent, complex political element in the
county. In the region the underdevelopment of the innovation culture (technological re-
sources, organizational and management patterns) can be demonstrated. As it was
shown above, there is a low volume of expenses on, and small number of places of,
R + D activities; furthermore, the signs of the innovation chain (re-
search—development—production—marketing) can hardly be observed in the economy.
New product appear only slowly in the industrial sectors of the city.
Incidentally, it must be pointed out that a technological development being speeded
up will itself necessarily induce a reorganization of the economy. Economic restructu-
ring results in changes of the weights (decrease of their influence and their role in inte-
rest conflicts) of a number of producers in the county. Previous relative stability and
slow technical development will be replaced by a reorganization of the positions of indi-
viduals and communities, which, in the long run, should be regarded a normal way of
development similarly to the former slow and mostly safe development period produ-
cing a quantitative growth of goods and services. Naturally, the institutions of the coun-
ty administration, which have been installed under different conditions of development,
are not sufficient to solve the social conflicts already having been emerged. The publici-
ty of the central, local, and office decisions, and the establishment of the methods and
institutions of representation and reconciliation of interests have a much larger importan-
ce.
Here is a list of some of the basics of the agenda in connection with the complex sys-
tem of requirements of accommodating the technological renewal, the new knowledge and
forms of activities:
25
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
-
a rational transformation of the structure of production resources, in consequence
of which the emphasis will be shifted to new technology as opposed to technology-
replacing labor, when choosing between the two,
-
in order to exploit new resources the loss-producing activities must be eliminated,
and misallocated factors of production must be withdrawn and allocated properly,
-
increasing the mobility and flexibility of the factors of production, strengthening the
connections between factor markets, increasing the role of innovation centers, es-
tablishing capital market, and elimination of the rigidity in the labor market.
The requirement that the complex agenda of technological innovation should be an
element of the regional policy inevitably raises the question of division of labor among
the various actors of the economy and the administration. This obvious especially be-
cause there has not been found such role among the traditional functions of the local
and regional governments.
Clearly, business sphere has the rights to and tasks of the appropriate strategical
decisions of the major lines of development. In the same time, economic restructuring
(especially when its economic and social environment shows the signs of depression),
and the determination of the directions of development must not be restricted to the
enterprises. The system of technological development at enterprises is rather sensitive
to regulations than to the consequences of international competition. International
observations prove that the changing philosophy of industrial policy, which connects
technological development with management expertise, entrepreneurship, and marke-
ting, will widen the channels of encouraging innovation, and create a broad scale of lo-
cal and regional support (Borlenghi 1990). Besides the forms of traditional central fi-
nancial participation, which are usually related to large special development programs,
there can be found non-project types of regional support in a number of countries. In
addition to government subsidies to certain enterprises or R + D cooperation programs,
significant financial support is supplied to the development of consultative and informa-
tion services, too. (For example, in Great Britain in the years 1987-88 a quarter of the
financial support for innovation, of the Department of Trade and Industry, was spent
on non-technological development.)
The necessity of the establishment of a decentralized, regional innovation support
system in Hungary is explained by the transformation of the economic structure and the
structure of business organizations. Obtaining information and expertise for special
technological tasks, and the search for markets and partners will mean a serious prob-
lem for the small- and medium sized business firms (as long as these are considered the
organizational engine of structural changes). In general, creating the export-oriented
and growth-oriented business behavior needs a well operating market system, without
regard to the size of the firm. Strongly cost-sensitive small enterprises cannot even think
about maintain self-sufficiently an efficient organization of marketing, design, quality-
control, business planning, financial, and information system (Coleman
Jacek 1989,
—
Sweeney 1991). To solve this problem appropriate organizations will be required in the
Pecs area, too; and the utilization of their services must be incited by financial supports
based on strict criteria.
Regional and local governments should assume important role in the creation of
modern infrastructure, and of the physical, economic, and intellectual environment of
technological development and competitiveness. Let us not mention here the electronic
26
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
and telecommunication aspects that fundamentally influence productivity, cooperation,
and division of labor.
The necessity to create intellectual infrastructure results from the level of expertise
of the new technological culture, its overall social influence, and the tasks of a radical
transformation of the practice of the executive management of enterprises.
The priorities of speeding up technological development in the city of Pecs might be
the following ones:
-
quantitative and qualitative development of R + D bases, establishment of an entre-
preneurial and innovation industrial park,
-
development of the innovation chain in the selected fields,
-
organizing and extending post-graduate education in order to meet the future de-
mand for experts with higher education after the economic restructuring (including
the above mentioned education of engineers, experts in tourism, professionals of
complex regional socio-economic development, manager training, development of
foreign trade culture),
-
training and retraining of skilled workers.
Personality quality of enterprise management should be respected as a factor of
speeding up the innovation, resulting in technological development, similarly to techno-
logical and economic conditions. Further investigations are necessary to find out the
role of enterprise management in technological innovation in the county. Presently our
knowledge is not sufficient to prove the relevance of the findings of a nationwide re-
search to the county, i. e. that management actually slows down innovation. Neverthe-
less, some county-wide investigations, limited to the engineering professionals in the
county, provide some guidance to the launch of such an inquiry: currently there can be
found a number of medium- and top-level managers who has not been selected on the
basis of their professional expertise, initiative, and managerial skills; that is, a part of
the managers do not comply with the requirements of economic restructuring. There-
fore, it can be assumed that, in the future, a rapid rejuvenation of enterprise manage-
ment will come along.
4. POSSIBILITIES OF DEVELOPING SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL
TOURISM
Although the tourism strategy and developments of Baranya county are fundamentally
based on recreational tourism, there are good chances to develop professional tourism,
too. The institutions of scientific potential of the county — and primarily the city of Pecs
—, its business firms, the international relations of the members and organizations of
local branches of scientific associations, and the domestic programs (of traditionally
high international interests) of scientific societies form the foundation for building a de-
termined long term development strategy of professional tourism.
The peculiarity of the Hungarian tourism industry, that incoming tourists spend two
or three times less than on the average in Europe, is characteristic to Baranya county,
27
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
too. One of the reasons for this is that from developed market economies the less
wealthy people tend to come to this region, there is an important role of tourism of
relatives and families, and that the inadequate supply of programs and services does not
stimulate higher spending, there are only few attractiveness for tourism.
Strengthening qualitative characteristics should be part of a program task in this re-
gion just like on the national scale. Professional and scientific tourism can be turned in-
to a development sector of qualitative tourism, and considering its endowments, it can
be successful, too.
The present day endowments of the city of Pecs and the county offer primarily the
possibilities to develop or expand scientific and professional, or shortly: conference tou-
rism. This sector of tourism should be focused upon when developing professional tou-
rism and establishing the physical, organizational and human conditions.
This endeavor fits the international and domestic development directions, too.
International tendencies of tourism unanimously indicate the profitability of the
congress sector. It is estimated that for a long time this sector will remain one of the
most dynamically developing market segment for a number of reasons, such as: the
number of international organizations and the independence of branches of sciences
are increasing; the differentiation of branches of science is speeding up because of the
appearance of new fields of science. Because of the increasingly specialized sessions,
congresses, the number of sessions is rising faster than the number of their participants.
Domestic qualitative tourism seems to be one of the best founded ideas among the
restructuring concepts of the development of the Hungarian economy, too. The examp-
les of all of the successful European small countries demonstrate that in the past ten-fif-
teen years service sector, and within this health, congress, and educational tourism
gained a great impulse.
The Hungarian tourism policy soon will have to count on the formation of
intellectual, cultural, tourism centres in the country outside of Budapest, too. If we have
the appropriate development program, and if Baranya county and the city of Pecs will
declare professional and scientific tourism as a part of their development policy objecti-
ves, then here we could have the first conference city of the countryside in Hungary.
Currently several objective and subjective conditions for the development of the city
of Hes to professional and scientific tourism centre exist.
The most important of the subjective conditions is the scientific potential that has
evolved in the city in almost every field of natural, engineering, and social sciences. Pecs
is an important intellectual centre of the countryside. The structure of scientific poten-
tial, however, is the most complex here. Of the 1,900 researchers and developers in the
county 380 people have academic degrees.
The work on one third of the approximately 150 scientific projects going on at the
research and development places in the county is being done in international coopera-
tion with Western European and American partners. The joint projects are today pri-
marily bilateral, but in the future the expansion of many-sided cooperation can be ex-
pected. This, on the other hand, will result in the increase of the number of scientific
programs, international conferences and project meetings.
It can also be an orienting element in the supply of scientific and professional
tourism that several researchers of Pecs are leaders of various respectable international
organizations and associations. They and the local members of international societies
28
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
play a significant role in choosing the site of international congresses and compiling the
programs.
While it can be argued, this way, that the subjective resources for the intensive de-
velopment of professional and scientific tourism in Pecs are abundant, the quality and
quantity of receiving infrastructure fall behind the requirements which mean the solid
foundation of a dynamic development.
Before the analysis of the present state of the conference infrastructure it should be
pointed out that the geographical position and accessibility of the city of Pecs fail to meet
the international standards of siting and organizing an international conference. Fo-
reign guests arriving by airplane to Budapest need twice the international time standard
to get to Pecs using public transportation, and there is a similar difference — in the lack
of speedways — driving a rented car, too. Therefore, from strategic point of view it is im-
portant to utilize again the former local airport for tourism purposes.
The volume and qualitative structure of accommodation possibilities, and the ser-
vices offered by hotels of various levels, play important role in organizing conferences.
Neither the number of hotel beds nor the structure of accommodation possibilities
are sufficient for the dynamic development of this sector of tourism.
The necessary, perhaps most important, element of infrastructure for the develop-
ment of professional and scientific tourism into business is the availability of places,
congress halls with their (personal comfort and technical) equipment.
Currently in Pecs the university halls and auditoriums, conference rooms of hotels,
and halls of cultural centers serve as sites for conference programs. It is a big problem
that for large programs (even if thinking only about domestic conferences) only the aula
of the Pecs Medical University can be considered. Most of the present conference
rooms are not appropriate for international programs because of their insufficient tech-
nical equipment. On the other hand, the utilization of university and college halls is re-
stricted by school terms and their regular programs.
On the basis of our case analysis and the known long term plans of scientific re-
search institutions in the county, the following points summarize the conclusions of the
study of the development possibilities of professional and scientific tourism in Baranya
county.
1) The endowments necessary for the development of this sector are at the disposal
of the city of Pecs. The international relations and the international positions of the
professionals of the city form a solid basis for turning Pecs into an international confe-
rence city in long term. It should be remembered, too, that this sector of tourism has
the spillover effect of settlement development, and the power of developing innovative
regional development policy. Its direct effect of job creation in services and commerce
can be demonstrated, and new types of jobs can be introduced in conference cities.
These jobs all need a high work culture.
2) The international acknowledgement of its tourist endowments that represent
intellectual values and production culture (the City of Grape and Wine, a model city of
the "Healthy City" movement of the WHO world program, a city to be expected on the
World Heritage list of the UNESCO, its art traditions, art and cultural programs, etc.)
can supply tourist attraction to scientific programs. Producing the objective and organi-
zational conditions, and the international and domestic introduction of conference tou-
rism can create favorable circumstances for Pecs and Baranya to be a country subcenter
of the 1996 Budapest World Expo.
29
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Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
3) In the future it must be accounted for that 50 per cent of the tourism market of
the city should be occupied by programs of local scientific institutions, and the other
half by external organizations on the basis of business enterprise.
However, in order to increase the latter part significantly, and to turn conferences
into basis of tourism — based on economic efficiency and hard currency production —,
further development efforts are necessary.
SUMMARY
The need for modernization in Hungary, so far, has been limited to the reform of the
system of economy, politics, and administration, that is, to the fields which can be integ-
rated functionally according to the goal-rationality: technical modernization, productive
efficiency, restructuring of production, economic independence, political pluralism. In
the meantime, it is hardly ever mentioned that the modernization of the economy is not
possible without the modernization of culture; and, on the other hand, that a big price,
expressed in social tensions, may be paid for minor or partial success.
The most important and general conclusion of this paper is that solving the econo-
mic problems of the city of Pecs does not only mean, can not be restricted to, economic
modernization: cultural modernization is not only the scenery of the stage or decoration of
economic modernization. Modern technology, institutions, democratic management and
control forms can be adapted, however, without a modern cultural background these
can hardly be integrated in the operational system of the city. Partial success can only
preserve the fundamentally unchanged totality and may create new social conflicts.
The starting point of the transformation of the general conclusion to a program is
the realization of the role of culture in modernization, and having this accepted by the
various interest groups of the city.
While examining the settlement development power of culture, it must be remem-
bered that Pecs is one of the potential regional centers of the whole country and thus
the situation of a broader set of general settlement functions should be analyzed. Our
investigation has proved, or more exactly has supported conclusions of some former
inquiry related to other fields of the life of the city, that having hard data this city can
be regarded a growth pole, or natural center of the South-Transdanubian region, in the
West European political sense only with significant restrictions. Its "role" as regional
center has rooted more in historical traditions (primarily religious and academic func-
tions) and administrative centralization decisions than in regional influence of its mo-
dern functions and progressive sectors.
Cultural sectors have not provided a different picture either. The fact that, regar-
ding index numbers of cultural life, a remarkable equalization of county seats can be
observed can be attributed to, besides the results of regional development policy, the
ideological and political decisions and principles of the previous era, especially the
1950s and '60s. The ideal of the age, the homogeneous society, was aimed not by the
means of integration of preserved stratum- and local cultures but by eliminating and
replacing these. Not only art- and science schools were eliminated at that time but those
forms of the social solidarity of cultural integration which mean the real basis of repro-
30
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Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
duction of cultural background consciousness: various associations, societies, pub-
lishers, etc. There was even a time when a proposal was submitted at the Ministry of
Culture to the abolishment of the (at that time consisting of only one school) University
of Pecs.
Comparing to the other two traditional regional centres of the country, i.e. Debre-
cen and Szeged, Pecs starts in the competition of building intellectual regional centres
from a less favorable position. The reason for this is primarily that it is less supplied
with academic and research bases than its competitors; not mentioning the lack of those
institutions which presently determine the prestige position of European cities. The furt-
her development of the existing system of higher educational and research institutions of
the city, with respect to the economic transformation and potential position, in the inter-
national division of labor, of the region is an important issue of research in the future.
Besides the initiative of establishing the classical "universitas", primarily the radical re-
form of engineering education, and — based on the various intellectual workshops exis-
ting in the city — creation of national cultural institutions that raise international inte-
rest, should be kept in mind.
The examination of the potentials and possible reception of a cultural institution for
Mediterranean cultures (of countries like Italy, Spain, Greece, and Cyprus) deserves
deep consideration. It would connect this city to the intellectual, and, making no secret
of it, economic circles of South Europe., The establishment of this Mediterranean Center
could be joined with organising representations of diplomacy (consulates).
In order to develop Pecs to a modern regional intellectual centre the present sys-
tem of institutions of the city should be reviewed from the aspect that whether it is ca-
pable to support equal opportunities of the intellectuals of the region in a creative
participation in the cultural life; and to accept and distribute the innovations necessary
for the economic and social recovery, or to elaborate entirely new methods. The trans-
formation of the system of institutions and introduction of new types of institutions (for
example, information centres, or gallery institutions that rely on the market relations in
the world of arts, the design, marketing and PR services that are inevitable for a compe-
titive market structure etc.) need a well determined strategy.
Appearance of cultural sectors on the international market must be considered as a
significant urban development factor in the future. It is an economic commonplace in
the developed countries that connecting a wide range of cultural activities (creative arts,
theater, music) to the international division of labor is an important revenue-creating
factor. It is not unlikely that in the centre of the system of values of the West European
market to be unified — and therefore, of the international competition — , besides the
economy, the culture and science will take place; and these will be fundamental
elements of the international prestige and dynamic development of cities.
In the unified Common Market of 1993 the success will not belong to those bringing
some out-of-European or uniform-European, but to those building on specialities of
their own countries or regions. The relation of culture and economy will be set into an
entirely other light; even now several signs demonstrate that culture must not be consi-
dered merely as an autonomous goal but as important marketing and PR way, too, e.g.
way of promoting a certain industrial settlement as a desirable living place.
The conclusion, therefore, emerges from the experience of the new forces of urban
development in Europe: the cultural institutions and intellectual workshops of Pecs
should be developed to the direction of joining these to the system of cooperation of
31
Horváth, Gyula: Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs).
Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
European cities and international exchange of services. In the long run, Pecs should be
developed to one of the cultural exchanges, important intellectual and economic mee-
ting points of Central Europe.
A successful cultural policy can be pictured only as an integrated part of local poli-
cy. Institutions appear in the administration of the city not as objects but as intellectual
elements of urban development. Therefore, the city government must consider the busi-
ness organizations and the population of the city not only as consumers of cultural ser-
vices but as forming and transforming power of culture, too. The reform of the founda-
tions of economic autonomy will raise the issue of financing cultural services, too. A va-
riety of local possibilities and institutional forms of new types of supporting culture can be
designed.
As a part of a new cultural policy program, it is advisable to elaborate a marketing
strategy to manage the values of the city of Pecs. Presently there is no doubt about that
the traditional image of the city is not sufficient to emake Pecs able to meet the
requirements of the role of a tourist center and of capital attraction. The supply of
complex cultural (and economic) values can be domestically and internationally reali-
zed only with a well established marketing program.
32
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Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1992. 35 p.
Discussion Papers, No. 16.
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Discussion Papers 1992. No. 16.
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pécs)
The Discussion Papers series of the Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences was launched in 1986 to publish summaries of research fmdings
on regional and urban development.
The series has 3 or 4 issues a year. It will be of interest to geographers, economists,
sociologists, experts of law and political sciences, historians and everybody else who is,
in one way or another, engaged in the research of spatial aspects of socio-economic
development and planning.
The series is published by the Centre for Regional Studies.
Individual copies are available on request at the Centre.
Postal address:
Centre for Regional Studies of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
P.O.Box 199, 7601 PECS
HUNGARY
Phone: (72) 12-755
Fax: (72) 10-390
Telex: 12 475
Director general: Ivan ILLES
Editor: Laszlo HRUBI
* * *
Forthcoming in the Discussion Papers series:
Settlement Network Development Policy
in Hungary during the State Socialism
by
Zoltan HAJDU
Discussion Papers 1992. No. 16.
Culture and Urban Development
(The Case of Pécs)
Papers published in the Discussion Papers series
No. 1 OROSZ, Eva (1986): Critical Issues in the Development of Hungarian Public
Health with Special Regard to Spatial Differences
No. 2 ENYEDI, Gyorgy—ZENTAI, Viola (1986): Environmental Policy in Hungary
No. 3 HAJDO, Zoltan (1987): Administrative Division and Administrative
Geography in Hungary
No. 4 SIKOS T., Tamas (1987): Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural
Settlements of Borsod County
No. 5 HORVATH, Gyula (1987): Development of the Regional Management of the
Economy in East-Central Europe
No. 6 PALNE KOVACS, Ilona (1988): Chance of Local Independence in Hungary
No. 7 FARAGO, Lasz16—HRUBI, Laszlo (1988): Development Possibilities of
Backward Areas in Hungary
No. 8 SZORENYINE KUKORELLI, hen (1990): Role of the Accessibility in
Development and Functioning of Settlements
No. 9 ENYEDI, Gyorgy (1990): New Basis for Regional and Urban Policies in East-
Central Europe
No. 10 RECHNITZER, Janos (1990): Regional Spread of Computer Technology in
Hungary
No. 11 SIKOS T., Minas (1992): Types of Social Infrastructure in Hungary
No. 12 HORVATH, Gyula—HRUBI, Laszlo (1992): Restructuring and Regional
Policy in Hungary
No. 13 ERDOSI, Ferenc (1992): Transportation Effects on Spatial Structure of
Hungary
No. 14 PETER, Sandor (1992): Environmental Regulation and Enterprise Behaviour
in the Transforming Hungarian Economy
No. 15 PFEIL, Edit (1992): Local Governments and System Change. The Case of a
Regional Centre