Discussion Papers 1988.
Spatial Organization and Regional Development 297-315. p.
297
Teofil LIJEWSKI
REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TOURISM
ASSETS IN POLAND
1. Introduction
Poland is, on the international scale, a
potentially attractive country for tourists. It
is one of the few European countries that has on
its territory almost all of the basic landscape
types of the temperate zone: sea coast, lakelands,
flat lands, uplands, old mountains of medium
height, and young mountains of alpine type. Owing
to late economic development and not too advanced
urbanization, Poland has preserved quite rich plant
and animal communities.
On the other hand, the territory of Poland
is poorer as far as man-made artifacts and monuments
are concerned. Numerous wars, especially World War
II, contributed to the destruction of many towns,
buildings, historical monuments,and artwork. Still,
Poland from this point of view is alsoan interesting
country worth visiting. An extraordinary achieve-
ment, highly valued all over the world, is the re-
construction of the destroyed historical quarters,
especially in Warsaw and Gdansk. There is quite a
lot of authentic folklore still preserved in Po-
land, authentic as distinct from the folklore that
might have been animated for commercial purposes.
Relics of old techniques and methods of production,
especially in agriculture, which are elsewhere no
longer used, are also noteworthy.

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Organization and Regional Development
2. Basic notions
Objects and areas that attract tourists/
interest are referred to as tourism assets. These
assets can be classified into recreational and
sightseeing. Those items belonging to the first
group upgrade the environment and increase its
leisure-wise utility. The second group contains
items that constitute goals of tourism as objects
worth seeing.
Sightseeing assets can be subdivided further
into natural and man-made /anthropogenic/. Natural
assets arise from the landscape shape, geological
structure, water and wind activity, and from the
appearance of rare or more pronounced plants and
animals. This group encompasses promatories with
panoramic views, rocks and rocky precipices, gul-
lies, valleys and river gorges, waterfalls and
sources, caves, great stones, and strata of geologi-
cal layers or moving sand dunes. Within the domain
of living nature, sightseeing assets are constituted
by, e.g., monumental trees, unique plants or plant
associations /in most cases preserved in national
parks or nature reservers/, rare animals, histori-
cal parks, nature museums, botanical and zoological
gardens, and palm houses and alpine gardens.
Tourists, however, more often frequent pla-
ces with anthropogenic assets, located mainly in
towns or known spots. It is primarily historical
architectural and construction objects, as well as
museums and art collections, that constitute man-
made assets. Many museums are devoted to outstand-
ing people, definite regions, or types of activity,
e.g., branches of industry /say, in the adapted old
industrial plants/. One should consider separately

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Discussion Papers,
299
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
historical and military objects, connected with im-
portant battles, or places of martyrology, devoted
to the victims of the Nazi terror, as well as loca-
tions of special religious devotion. Mass tourist
movements are also directed towards places of art
shows and performances, folklore happenings, sports
events, fairs, and religious occasions.
While the sightseeing assets are spatially
confined to single points or relatively limited
spatial complexes, distributed all over the country,
the recreational assets usually form zones having
significant territorial dimensions, resulting from
the landscape shape and its geological past. In Po-
land those assets are constituted primarily by the
sea, the lakes and lake districts, mountains, and
forests. Rivers are not valued highly because of
their quite common pollution with municipal and/or
industrial wastes.
3. Geography of tourism assets in Poland
Sea, lakes, and mountains form in Poland
quite distinct parallel zones located latitudional-
ly, those zones being the most important recreation
regions of Poland. From the point of view of capa-
city, calculated in number of beds, the single most
important region is the sea coast, where as much as
4o % of all the beds available in Poland in holiday
and recreation centers are located. The overall
share of this region in the total number of people
using these facilities is, however, lower since a
vast majority of bungalows, holiday centers, etc.
at the sea coast are working only through the summer
season; while those located in the mountains and in
other inland regions are often active throughout

Teofil Lijewski : Regional Differentiation of Tourism Assets in Poland
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Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
300
the whole year. The sea coast facilities accomodate
up to 1/3 of all the holiday stays which, in view
of very limited geographical space, means extreme-
ly high spatial concentration of recreation. This
concentration is further aggravated by the spatial-
ly uneven development of the recreational infra-
structure. Most of the holiday-makers tend to con-
centrate on these segments of the coast, where
chains of resort spots have been created; while
outside and between these segments there are as
yet completely undeveloped segments of the sea
coast.
The Polish coast of the Baltic Sea, from
the point of view of land relief and sea bottom
type, is almost ideally suited for recreation, a
rare case in Europe. Along the coast, on almost
all of its length, there are wide sandy beaches,
the sea bottom descends gradually, and from the
land side beaches are accompanied by sand dunes
and most often also by a forest belt. Less advan-
tageous than in Southern Europe, though, are cli-
matic conditions: the bathing season lasts only
3-4 months and is often intertwined with bad weather
periods. Water temperature rare.ky exceeds 20 °C.
Holiday-making facilities at the sea coast
are usually of light construction, they often lack
heating, and quite rarely have more than just a
ground floor, three-storey buildings being very
infrequent. A large number of facilities are light
bungalows /camping houses/ dispersed in the green-
ery. This type of development requires larger sur-
faces, but is better accepted than high-rise con-
crete blocks, since a majority of holiday-makers
live permanently in just such buildings. From this

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301
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
point of view, the Polish sea coast differs positive-
ly from some segments of the Mediterranean coast,
where high..rise constructions of urban character
prevail.
Currently, recreation conditions of the
seaside are deteriorating because of increasing sea
pollution. This applies particularly to Gdansk Bay
and its coast, which harbors the greatest Polish
maritime agglomeration /900 thousand inhabitants/
and where the greatest Polish river, the Vistula,
flows in together with pollutants brought from in-
land. Simultaneously, it is just here that the
greatest recreational demand occurs: areas are
necessary for the holiday, weekend, and afterwork
recreation of inhabitants of the Gdansk agglomera-
tion, as well as for the people coming from other
regions of the country.
The area of Gdansk Bay is transportation-
wise the most easily accessible segment of the
Polish see coast. After the railway line between
Warsaw and Gdansk had been electrified, the Warsaw-
Gdansk trip duration went down to  3  1/2 hours
with the quickest train on this line. This area
also has the oldest tradition of seaside resorts,
one of the causes being the fact that between the
two World Wars this area constituted a quasi-totali-
ty of the Polish sea coast. The town of Sopot, loca-
ted between Gdansk and Gdynia, awes its development
to its recreational function, and it used to be the
most elitist sea resort on the territory of present
Poland. Presently undergoing a decline, this town
has become  a  housing satellite of Gdansk and Gdynia.
In view of water pollution in the Gdansk Bay,
the mass flow of holiday..makers  goes  towards the

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Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
302
Hel peninsula,which forms a sandy barrier between
Gdansk Bay and the open sea. Though still having
clean capacity, this narrow strip of land has been
exceeded resulting in severe restrictions
with regard to tourist activities being introduced:
the number of cars allowed to enter the Hel penin-
sula is limited.
Another often frequented landscape area of
Poland, besides the sea coast, are mountains. They
occupy the Southern borderlard and form two broad
ranges: Sudety on the West, and the Carpathias Mts.
on the East, the two being separated by the large
lower area of the Moravian Gate. A smaller range
of the Holy Cross Mts. is, besides that, located
in the upland belt. Mountains take approximately
only 9 % of the country's total surface, but as much
as 21 % of all the places in hodiday and recreation-
al centres are located there and almost all of the
tourist hospices as well as the majority of private-
ly offered places can be found there. Use of these
facilities is much more intensive than at the sea-
side or in the lake districts, because of the second
--winter-- season and of the all-year mountaineering
tourism. Thus, with regard to the numbers of holiday-
makers and tourists, mountains are far ahead among
the various landscape zones, since they account for
approximately 40 % of vacation stays, especially
when privately organized stays are accounted for,
i.e., the ones organized without the intermediary
of tourism offices. When the whole mountainous zone
is considered, the average "density" of vacationers
andtourists per unit area is much lower than at the
seaside in the summer season. Uneven attractiveness
of particular mountain subareas, though, and especi-

Teofil Lijewski : Regional Differentiation of Tourism Assets in Poland
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers,
303
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
ally high concentration of resort facilities in the
better known localities, cause higher numbers of
tourists and vacationers to converge in some re-
gions; while other fragments of the mountain areas,
often not less interesting from the nature and
sightseening points of view almost are not fre-
quented.
Such a region subject to maximum concentra-
tion of tourist traffic is Podhale, together with
the best known tourist center - Zakopane. The mag-
net attracting there as many as 2-3 million people
per year is the only Polish fragment of the alpine
type of high mountainous landscape in the Tatra
Mts. range. Many people, however, do not go there
because of the beauty of the mountain landscape,
but simply because of the concentration of recrea-
tion and entertainment facilities, shows, perfor-
mances, folklore, or just because of social motiva-
tions. Podhale is an instance of a region whose
high recreational assets are depreciated through
overly intensive tourist traffic /e.g., concentra-
tion of car exhaust gases in the center of Zakopane
attains similar levels as in the centers of metro-
politan agglomerations/.
The Western parts of the Polish Carpathian
Mts. /i.e., Silesian and Zywiec Beskids/ are also
more frequented, because of the proximity of the
biggest Polish urban and industrial agglomeration,
the upper Silesian industrial area, inhabited by
some 3 million people. This area is the starting
point for the greatest number of tourist outings,
both short, for weekends or hilidays, and longer,
for vacations, It is in this Western part of the
Carpathian Mts. that the greatest number of vaca-

Teofil Lijewski : Regional Differentiation of Tourism Assets in Poland
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 3 04
Organization and Regional Development
tion houses built by particular enterprises, es-
pecially by collieries, steelworks, and other big
enterprises of heavy industries from Upper-Silesia,
have been erected.
The same region has also become the target
of expansion of private summer house construction
/"second apartments"/. This activity is especial-
ly evident here since inhabitants of Upper Silesia
spend their everyday life in the most polluted en-
vironment and simultaneously their higher incomes
allow making investments in the second apartments,
in which they spend weekends, for non-working fami-
ly members, more frequent stays are typical.
Much less frequented is the Eastern Polish
Carpathian area, lying to the East of Krynica. The
environment there is relatively little transformed,
and there even are instances of an expansion of
primitive nature on the territories, which had pre-
viously been utilized for agricultural, but were
abandoned as a result of the civil war of 1945-47.
Tourism infrastructure there is very weak and is
primarily limited to "self-service" camping sites.
This area is best suited for mountain hiking of more
experienced tourists.
At the other extreme, there is the Sudety
mountain range, strongly urbanized and industriali-
zed, with tourist developments going back to the
19th century. The transport network there is the
densest, there is a large number of tourist hos-
pices, and the greatest number of all-accessible
vacation houses belonging to the central all-trade-
union specialized organization called Employee
Vacation Func /Polish abbreviation: FWP/. These
facilities are all-accessible in distinction

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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, 305
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
to those houses, usually built later, that belong
to individual enterprises, branches of industry,
or other units.
Tourism activities in the Sudety also are
not uniformly distributed. They concentrate in 2
subareas: in the Jelenia Gora Basin together with
the Karkonosze Range and in the Klodzko Basin to-
gether with the surrounding mountains. These two
regions encompass the highest, best developed and
best known parts of the Sudety Mts. Their popularity
is to a large extent based upon good skiing condi-
tions there. It is in the Eastern Sudety, at the
foot of Snieznik mountain, that, according to
designs, should be built a new important winter
sports center /the so called "second Zakopane"/.
The third landscape zone best suited for
recreation are the lake regions. This zone is much
larger than the two other ones previously described
and itoovers approximately 1/3 of the total area of
Poland, stretching from the sea coast southward
down to the southern boundary of the Baltic glacia-
tion. Lakes in Poland are almost entirely of glacial
origin. There is only one lake district, located in
Eastern Poland within the region of Lublin Polesie,
that has a different nature. Also the chain of large
coastal lakes /Lebsko, Gardno, Bukowo, Jamno, and
others/, did not originate with glaciations: these
lakes are previous sea harbors /lagoons/ cut off
from the open sea by sand-bars created by the coas-
tal current /long shore drift/.
Altogether, there are in Poland about 9000
lakes whose surface area exceeds 1 hectare. Only the
USSR, Finland, and Sweden of the European countries
are richer in lakes than Poland. This asset is very

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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
3
Discussion Papers, Spatial
o6
Organization and Regional Development
valuable, and as yet relatively under utilized for
recreation, its value being heightened because
water in a majority of the lakes is still cleaner
than in the rivers and in the sea. Advancing con-
struction of new holiday-making facilities over the
lakes, without parallel construction of water
treatment /purification/ plants, poses a threat,
though, of destroying this asset.
The Lakeland zone is very large, but not all
equally attractive. Tourists are first of all at-
tracted by the lakes surrounded by forests, having
larger surfaces /which is of importance for yacht-
ing/, and/or connected with other lakes so as to
form longer chains /which is advantageous for
boating tourism/. That is why tourist traffic in
the area is very unevenly distributed: on some lakes
there are no vacationers at all; while on others
there are too many, leading to recreation quality
decline, higher danger of water pollution, and a
possibility of devastation of the shoreline.
A particularly high concentration of tourist
activity occurs on the Great Mazurian Lakes, of
which two, Sniardwy and Mamry, have more than 100
sq. kms of surface area. These lakes are connected
by channels and constitute a very favourable area
for yachting, rowing, boating, windsurfing, and
other water sports. The main towns on these lakes
are also connected by a small passenger ship line.
Another frequented lake district, Kashubian,
is located in the vicinity of the Gdansk agglomera-
tion mentioned previously, so that an important
share of holiday-makers is constituted by the
weekend visitors from Gdansk and Gdynia. Lakes
are smaller here, but the landscape is generally

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Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
307
more interesting due to the moraine hills, which
are the highest in Northern Poland.
Tourist traffic converges also on some other
regions within the lake zone, namely: the Drawsko
Lake District in Western Pomerania; Brodnica Lake
District in Torun voivodship; Olsztyn Lake District
around the town of Olsztyn and neighbouring the
latter-Mragowo Lake District; and finally Suwalki
Lake District in the North-Eastern corner of Poland.
Besides that, there occasionally occurs a high
density of recreation facilities within the smaller
lake regions in the Southern part of the lakeland
zone, that is, where forest cover is scarcer and
lakes are smaller, but where there is recreational
demand originating from bigger towns located already
beyond the lakeland zone. Instances of such intensi-
vely used small clusters of lakes are Leszno Lake
District in southern Great Poland, Gostynin Lake
District, which is the closest to Warsaw arOLOdz,
an1Leczna-Wlodawa Lake District located in the
Eastern, lakeless part of the country Nort-East of
Lublin.
The fourth type of recreational assets, af-
ter the sea, mountains, and lakes, is the forests.
These assets are spatially dispersed and do not
create a compact zone. Forests, in fact, appear
over greater areas in the mountainous and lakeland
zones, thus increasing the attractiveness of these
zones. About 40 % of the overall forest area in
Poland is located within the lakeland zone, where
forests occupy, in some regions, more than half
the total surface and where the biggest forests can
be found /e.g., Tuchola Woods, Pisz, AugustOw,
Drawsko, and Notec Forests - each of them occupying

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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 308
Organization and Regional Development
approximately 1000 sq. kms/.
Mountain forests account for some 13 % of
the Polish forested area, and mountains, like lake
districts, are more than averagely forested. The
rest of the country, mainly lowlands and uplands
that constitute a majority of the country's sur-
face, accountsfor only about 47 % of the forest
area. Again, forests are very unevenly distributed
over these regions. They take up significant areas
in the North-East /Bialowieza Forest and Knyszyn
Forest/, South..East /Sandomierz Forest and Solska
Forest/, as well as West /Lower Silesian Woods/,
while the country's center is left almost forest-
less. Simultaneously, the population distribution
is just opposite, since it is in the very center
that the two greatest towns of Poland, Warsaw and
Lodz, are located, and, lacking other recreational
assets, a more significant forested surface would
be very welcome.
Forests take up on average 27,5 % of the
total surface of Poland. This statistical indicator,
however, accounts for the whole "formally" forested
area, i.e., together with the felled clearings,
newly seeded surfaces, eto. Recreational puposes
require older forests, especially coniferous and
mixed ones. Forests with trees over 40 years of
age take only 54 % of all the'forest area, that
is, some 15 % of the country's total surface.
Forests are the most easily accessible and most
frequented recreational asset in Poland, with ad..
ditional attractiveness generated by the possibili-
ty of forest fruits and mushroom gathering.
The wide belt of lowlands and uplands of-
fers in terms of natural conditions advantages

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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 309
Organization and Regional Development
for recreation little more than forests, mentioned
before. Rivers flowing there are to a large degree
polluted with wastewaters and only very few of them
can serve recreational purposes. Tourist attractive-
ness is often enhanced artifically through human
activity, for instance through reforestation and
construction of water reservoirs. Reforestation
has been applied to less fertile soils, especial-
ly around larger urban centers mostly around Warsaw
and in Upper Silesia.
Artificial water reservoirs were built by
damming up a number of rivers, the biggest reser-
voirs being constructed near Zegrze, at the con-
fluency of the Narew and Bug, on the Vistula above
Wloclawek, on the Brda near to Koronowo, on the
Pilica near to SulejOw, on the Upper Vistula in
Goczalkowice, on the Sole downstream from Zywiec,
on the San in Solina, and on the Nysa Klodzka near
to Nysa, Among the older reservoirs there are also
some that are quite frequented, such as the one in
Turawa on the Male Panew, in OtmuchOw on the Nysa
Klodzka and in RoznOw on the Dunajec, Water reser-
voirs have been created around the Upper Silesian
Industrial Region in the abandoned old sand-pits.
On lakeless areas, artificial water reservoirs are
centers of the greatest concentration of tourist
activites.
Another tourist attraction, though having
less importance for recreation, is in the uplands
zone constituted by rocky hills, isolated rocks,
and caves. Defensible castles were often located
on such hills. Altogether, however, the uplands
zone enjoys less popularity among vacationers and
tourists because of water shortages and relatively
scarce forest cover,

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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial  310
Organization and Regional Development
Speaking most generally, the geographical
distribution of recreational assets in Poland is
a negative reflection of the geographical distri-
bution of population and productive sectors of
the economy. The spatial structure of Poland is
characterized by the existence of the "central
triangle", occupying approximately half of the
country's territory, but accounting for as much
as 70 % of the population and 82 % of the jobs
in industry. Vertices /extreme points/ of this
triangle are located in: Gdynia, Bogatynia /town-
ship in the South-Western corner of Poland/, and
in Przemysl, so that the Western edge of the tri-
angle is the line Gdynia-Bydgoszcz-Poznan-Bogaty-
nia, the Southern edge is constituted by the
Polish-Czechoslovak state boundary from Bogatynia
to Cieszyn and from there Eastwards by the Northern
borderline of Carpathian Mts., and finally the
Eastern edge is formed by the Przemysl-Lublin-Minsk
Mazowiecki-Gdynia line.
Outside of this triangle there are less
populated and economically less developed North-.
Western, North-Eastern, and Carpathian voivod-
ships. From among  39  towns with  population above
100 thousand as of 1984, only  6  were located outside
the triangle depicted. The greatest among these  6
was  Szczecin.
On the other hand, locations of recreation-
al assets are distributed inversely. Outside of the
"central triangle" there is the whole sea coast,
except for the worst polluted segment within the
Gdansk agglomeration area, most of the lakeland
zone with the most attractive lakes, and the whole
of Polish Carpathian Mts. Similarly, a majority of

Teofil Lijewski : Regional Differentiation of Tourism Assets in Poland
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
311
forest areas, approximately 61 %, is outside of
the triangle mentioned.
Thus, then, the quite centralized geographi-
cal distribution of population and industries is
contrasted with the peripheral location of the most
valuable recreational regions. This results in the
centrifugal character of holiday- and even partly
weekend-trips: from the center towards the country's
peripheries. Significant ditances between the larger
urban areas and recreational regions result in
greater time losses and in higher travel costs of
vacation trips.
Sightseeing assets, mentioned at the begin-
ning, are, however, geographically distributed dif-
ferently. These assets attract tourists, especially
those participating in group sightseeing excursions.
Assets of this type concentrate to a higher degree
in towns, i.e., more in the central parts of the
country; their distribution is positively correlated
with the geographical distribution of population.
The manual on "Tourism Geography of Poland"
lists 676 objects, constituting goals of sightseeing
excursions. The locations of these objects were
analysed. More than half of them /353 out of  676/
are located in just 10 voivodships /out of the total
of 49/, these voivodships having the highest numbers
of sightseeing assets. Among these 10 voivodships,
there are  6  with large urban agglomerations /Cracow,
Warsaw, Gdansk, Poznan, Szczecin, Katowice/, which
have played an important role in Polish history;
then there are  3  voivodships located in the mounta-
ins /Nowy Sacz, Walbrzych, Jelenia GOra/; and one
in the uplands /Kielce/. The first position in this
ranking is occupied by the Nowy Sacz voivodship,

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Discussion Papers, Spatial
312
Organization and Regional Development
the only one with high mountainous landscape /64
objects out of 676, i.e., 9.5 V.
On the other hand, a contrasting picture
is provided by 10 voivodship with the lowest sight-
seeing assets ranking, since all these voivodships
are less economically developed, and there is no
town of more than 100 thousand inhabitants within
any of these 10 voivodships. Most of these voi-
vodships are located in the eastern half of the
country.
Table 1 presents numbers of beds in tourist,
vacation, and recreation facilities; numbers of
persons spending at least one night in these facili-
ties; and numbers of overnight stays, for the 21
voivodships accomodating significant tourist traf-
fic. Tourist facilities accounted for in these
statistics encompass all accessible hotels, motels,
pensions, tourist hospices, excursion houses, per-
manent camping facilities, and privately offered
rooms. The other category, vacation and holiday-
making facilities, includes: vacation houses be-
longing to FWP; to individual enterprises; and to
trade unions and other organizations, i.e., those
facilities whose purpose is to host people coming
for a longer vacation stay.
The 21 voivodships listed in the table
account for altogether 75 % of all places available
in Poland for overnight stay and tourist stop within
the tourist-type facilities. When, however, vaca-
tion-type facilities are considered, these voivod-
ships account for as much as 84 % of places, with the
actual number of vacationers up to 86 % and the
actual number of overnight stays at 88 % of the
respective Polish totals. This is evidence of the

Teofil
•
Lijewski :  •
Regional Differentiation of Tourism Assets in Poland
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs, Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 297-315. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization
3 V+
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