Discussion Papers 1988.
Spatial Organization and Regional Development 251-276. p.
25 1
Arkadiusz RYBAK
CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL-HYDROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS WITHIN THE VISTULA DELTA
/ZULAWY REGION/
1. General features of the Zulawy region
The region of the Vistula delta, known as
Zulawy, is located within the Gdansk Coastal area
and borders with the Kaszubian Lakeland to the
west, the Kociewie and Ilawa lakelands to the South,
the edge of the Elblag Heights to the East, and is
separated from Gdansk Bay by the sandy Vistula bar.
As a physiographic unit, Zulawy is the delta of
Vistula, Nogat, and Szkarpawa, a holocene lowland
plain created by river sedimentation over a :period
of several thousand years. It is shaped as an ir-
regular triangle 50 kms long with a maximum width
of 60 kms. The course of sedimentation in the Vistu-
la valley is shown in Fig. 1. The area of the Vistu-
la valley encompasses also the Walichowo and Kwidzyn
valleys.
From the point of view of geological struc-
ture, the Zulawy region is located in the South-
Western part of the Peribaltic Lowland. Erosion,
exertion, and tectonic processes taking place in
the cenozoic era have so strongly deformed the
surface of challe rocks that this region is geologi-
cally distinct from the neighbouring uplands, and
therefore it is also geomorphologically different
from them.
Zulawy is an almost flat plain made of al-
luvial material. Depression areas account for some
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 5 2
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
253
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
28 % of the delta's surface. The greatest singular
depression area can be found near Druzno Lake; its
surface is 181 sq. kms. Within this area, the lowest
point, at - 1.8 m, is located in Karczowiska Dolne.
The region is divided by the Vistula and
Nogat into three main parts: Gdansk Zulawy; Great
Malbork Zulawy; and Elblag Zulawy
Aig. 2/.
Each of these parts has its separate hydrogra phic
system. Gdansk Zulawy is located in the basin of
the Martwa /Dead/ Vistula; Great Malbork Zulawy in
the basin of the Szkarpawa and of some smaller
rivers; and Elblag Zulawy in the basins of the Nogat
and Elblag rivers. Some authors also distinguish
smaller units, such as Steblewo, Stegna, and Szkar-
pawa or Fiszewo Zulawy.
Climatically, Zulawy lies within the reach
of the Baltic climates. In some publications, though,
this region is treated as a separate climatic area
because of the specific local climate, shaped to a
large extent by the energy exchange processes oc-
curring between the atmosphere and the surface.
Specific physiographic conditions of the Vistula
delta formed by such factors as proximity to the
sea, flat land, water conditions, fertile Zulawy
silts, and sea climate find their reflection in the
special character of vegetation and land use. Zulawy
is an agricultural region par excellence, with a
great productive potential being especially signi-
ficant on the national scale. Subregions and micro-
regions distinguished within the area considered
are shown in Fig. 3.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
▪
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In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
254
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
255
kgrigultural microregions in &ilawy
I Agricultural farming
/cereals and sugar heet/
,0*, II 'Agricultural and pastoral farminm
.
, Recreation and tourist microregions
.The bordera of tulawy
FIGURE 3 Agroecological regionalization (according to
the "Programme of economic development and
principles of further management of the ZuZawy
GdAnskie region")
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. 25 6
Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2. Characteristics of the agricultural production
space of Zulawy
Zulawy of the Vistula delta is a region with
specific natural and technical conditions and a
complicated water and drainage system. The surface
breakdown in terms of agricultural use is as fol-
lows:
Zulawy, total In agricultural Ploughland Perma-
surface
use
nent
grass-
lands
2119.96 sq.kms
1552.88 sq.
1001.10 sq. 551.78
kms
kms sq.kms
In spite of differendetion of the Zulawy soils with
respect to origin, structure, and properties char..:,
acteristic for alluvial soils /silts/, their vast
majority offers high utility in agricultural produc-
tion and that is why they are considered one of the
best soils in Poland. According to T. Witek, the
following soil types are distinguished within the
Zulawy area:
Soil type
Surface share
1. Silts with weakly pronounced
profile
1.22 %
2. Turfy-brown silts
63.60 %
3. Silt black earths /humus silts/
16.74 %
4. Hydrogenic silts, together
12.20 %
a. gley silts
11.40 %
b. swamp silts
1.45 %
c. marshy silts
9.35 %
5. Other, i.e.
4.22 %
sea silts
brown and podzolic soils from
pleistocene material
black earths developed from sands
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional
7
Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
podzolic soils
destroyed soils
6. Dune sands
2.02 %
Table 1 below presents the surface shares of var-
ious quality classes of soils within the Vistula
delta Zulawy.
Wheat-proper, i.e., good soils, account for over
75 % of all ploughland, an index value that can be
equalled by only very few regions in Poland, and
which indicates a capacity of growing even very
demanding crops, By comparison, the same value
for the whole of Elblag voivodship is approximate-
ly 63 % and for the whole of the country approxi-
mately 26 %.
Table 2, on the other hand, presents the
indices of agroecological conditions of the Zulawy
communes, serving to assess the quality of agri-
cultural production space as well as average soil
quality index values, Since state farms took over
somewhat better soils after World War II the
private farm averages are a bit below the overall
averages shown is Table 2. It should be noted,
though, that the utility of soils is not homogeneous
over the whole area of Zulawy,hence the division
into High Zulawy /South-Western part/ encompassing
surfaces greater than 2.5 m above sea level and
low Zulawy /North-East/, i.e., areas mainly below
this elevation, called periodepressive and depres-
sive.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 2 5 8
Organization and Regional Development
The elevation structure of the Vistula Zulawy area
is as follows:
Above sea level
10.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m - 2.5 m
2.5 m - 0.0
12.3 %
25.0 %
30.9 %
Below sea level
0.0 - -1.0 m
-1.0 m - -1.8 m
26,6 %
5.2 %
The spatial distribution of this elevation structure
is presented in Fig. 4.
Properties of soils, which are fertile but
difficult to cultivate, can be improved only through
combined action of agrotechnology and land improv-
ment /drainage and/or irrigation/ measures, as well
as securing adequate equipment for cultivation.
Results of analyses indicate that soils of Zulawy
have unsatisfactory acidity. Some 24 % of the silts
are quite or even very acidic, with the pH value
below 5.5; approximately 49.7 % of them are slight,-
ly acidic, with pH values between 5.5 and 6.5; and
finally 26.5 % of the silts are at least neutral,
i.e., their pH is greater than 6.5.
Besides that, Zulawy silts are poor with
respect to absorbable potassium. Soils that are
satisfactory with that respect constitute some 16.5
% of the total surface, those with medium level of
potassium 33.9 % of the surface, and those below
the average 49.6 %. Thus, approximately 67 % of all
soils require increased potassium fertilizer appli-
cation.
On the other hand, availability of absorb,.
able phosphorus is very high. Soils with good
availability of phosphorus constitute some 53.7 %,
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, 259
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
kawy
Zu
lta
de
la
tu
Vis
he
t
f
o
try
ome
s
p
Hy
4
E
R
GU
FI
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
26 o
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
while those having medium levels of this element
only 18.5 %•
Average fertilizer use has until now been
242 kg NPK per hectare and 210 kgs Ca0 per hectare.
These values, though, are undoubtedly influenced
greatly by the availability of various fertilizers.
In order to improve the soil acidity index and
potassium availability level and to attain the
crop yields assumed, it is necessary to increase
the supply volumes of lime, potassium, and nitrogen
fertilizers.
3. Influence of natural environment on agricultural
production
This rich productive environment requires a
treatment different from that applied to other re-
gions of the country since natural, technical, and
social conditions existing within the territory
considered dictate a particular economic model of
activity. It should be emphasized that no region
of Poland has similarly strong connections of pro-
ducers, nature, and technique as found within the
Zulawy area.
In general, the climate of the Southern and
central parts of Zulawy is akin to that of the sur-
rounding uplands. Coastal areas have typical sea-
influenced climate, which extends from the coast=
Ene 15 kms into the mainland. Average precipitation
sums from four meteorological stations for the
period 1891-1930 along with those from five sta-
tions together with temperatures for the period
1954-1965 are shown in Table 3. These statistics,
however, do not portrw adaquately we and dry
years, which are difficult periods for agriculture
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 6 1
from the productive as well as organizational point
of view.
On the basis of data gathered in the Stare
Pole weather station over the 20 year period 1954-
1973 concerning yearly and growing-season /April-
October/ precipitation volumes, it has been estab-
lished by this author, using criteria specially
adopted, that only 5 years in this period could be
called average, while there were 9 relatively wet
and wet years, and 6 relatively dry and dry years.
It should be noted that similar results can be ob-
tained using just growing-season proper data.
Average climatic data for the growing season and
for the whole year, accounting for the period 1953-
1966, obtained from the weather station in Stare
Pole indicate the average growing season /April-
October inclusive/ precipitation to be 37.66 cm.
The dry-years average of the same period, i.e., for
6 years, is just 27.13 cm, while the wet-years
average is 48.36 cm. The minimum of growing-season
precipitation over this period was reached in 1964,
where only 21.88 cm of rain occurred, while the
maximum was reached in 1960 with 59.47 cm of pre-
cipitation.
A similar situation is observed for sunshine
and average temperatures in the area considered.
The numbers of sunshine hours during the growing
season ranges from 1095 hours /1962 - a wet year/
to 1586 hours /1959 - a dry year/. The 14-year
average of the number of sunshine hours is 1285.
It should be noted that as many as 464.6 hours,
i.e., 36 % of the average total, occurs during
June and July.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
262
Average daily temperature during the growing
season over the period of 14 years is 12.6 °C. The
annual maximum occurred in 1963, with 13.6 °C, and
the minimum in 1962 with 11.8 °C. Average relative
air humidity during the growing season is 81 %,
ranging from 77 % for the dry years subset to as
much as 85 % in the wet years.
Frosts in May are dangerous only in sporadic
cases. Over the period of 14 years, only once did
temperatures in May drop below -7 °C. Comparison
of numbers of days with spring ground frosts in-
dicates, however, that in the central part of Zulawy
the danger of ground frosts is 20 % higher than at
the seaside and in the depression areas.
Average precipitation levels calculated for
multiannual periods is sufficient or even optimal
for cereal crops and for industrial crops. The
situation turns much worse, though, in the years
with lower precipitation, when there may occur in-
sufficient water availability in critical periods,
during which some plants could be especially sensi-
tive to water shortages.
High Zulawy - Southern and Central - has
lower precipitation, but, owing to sufficient air
humidity and high groundwater levels, water shorta-
ges are not felt. Dry years happen to be more ad-
vantageous for some crops, especially for cereals,
this fact being related to unsatisfactory regula-
tion of water conditions, especially within the
depression and peridepression areas. Most of the
annual precipitation occurs in July and August and
in October and November, the least in April and
May. Oftentimes there is a drought in spring and
there are rains during harvest and potato lifting,
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 63
which creates obstacles to smooth organization of
field work. Thus activity peaks often cumulate in
a way making it impossible to properly organize
work /see, for instance, Table 3 years 1960, 1967,
1970, 1972/ even when increased mechanization of
production processes are introduced.
The geographical location of the Vistula
delta Zulawy /its proximity to the sea, surrouding
heights, and elevation structure/ exerts signifi-
cant influence upon the'specific nature of local
climate, furthermore differentiated between the
depression, low, and Southern - High Zulawy. This
is to some extent related to the inflow of cool
air from above the Baltic Sea over the territory
of Zulawy, which extends the period of spring cold
weather, especially in the depression areas. Mari-
time influence in the same region causes a decrease
of amplitude of annual temperature changes, delays
the onset of spring, and extends the autumn season.
Percentage points distribution of precipi-
tation in particular agrotechnical periods of the
year are as follows:
Winter season /Dec., Jan., Feb./
17.0 %
Spring season /March, April, May/
17.9 %
Summer season /June, July, Aug./
39.8 %
Autumn season /Sept., Oct., Nov./
26.3 %
Extremum values of precipitation within these pe-
riods are the following:
Spring season: from 4.47 cm in 1978 to 16.45 cm
in 1962
Summer season: from 2.25 cm in 1982 to 34.22 cm
in 1981
Autumn season: from 8.04 cm in 1979 to 29.61 cm
in 1974
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
264
Winter season: from 1.75 cm in 1972 to 12.86 cm
in 1958
These significant differences of precipitation
levels in particular periods undoubtedly decisively
influence the possibility of carrying out technical
activities related to crop raising during optimum
humidity periods, these periods being in some year's
very short. Such differences condition also the
degree of crop losses due to diseases - in the
case of cereals these are diseases of leaves, stalk,
and spikes - as well as harvest and storage losses.
4. Influence of human activities - drainage, irri-
gation, and land improvement installations
Specific environmental conditions prevailing
in Zulawy, formed in the Vistula valley and in the
Vistula delta, stem not only from its different
natural setting, but also from the existence of a
unique, at least on this country's scale, very
special network of water economy and land impro-
vement installations. This network features a dif-
ferentiated density of channels and ditches cut-
ting through the land and more than 100 pumping
stations functioning within it; see Fig. 5.
According to K. Cebulak, the network men-
tioned serves two purposes:one strateg, related
to water economy; and the second tactical, related
to land improvement. Within the specific area of
Zulawy, i.e., in the Vistula valley and Vistula
delta, water economy should secure artful water
flow control combined with proper distribution of
water related also to agricultural use and agri-
cultural land improvement. This task is complicated
because although the valley and delta areas are a
•
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the
•
Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers,
2 6 5
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
266
flatland, still important differences of elevation
occur, as already mentioned since the minimum is
at -1.8 m and maximum at 10 m.
Conscience human activity reflected through
construction of channels and their embankments can
be observed as early as the thirteenth century, and
it gained much in intensity with the settlement of
Dutch Mennonites brought to Zulawy in the sixteenth
century. The problem is to control knowledgeably
the water levels in the soil with regard to a ra-
tional set of productive activities within the ag-
ricultural farms. Water and land improvement eco-
nomy is conducted within the definite natural and
installation system of Zulawy, whose goal is to
maintain the land-and-water environment balance.
The Zulawy system has a complex structure
and is organized around a functional hierarchy shown
in Fig. 6. It is very complicated in its activity
and in its development, and rational running as well
as effective use of the system require high levels
of technical, technological, and organizatinal cul-
ture. Many specialists justly conclude that it is
mainly through the advance of water and land im-
provement systems and their functional technical
bettering that the agriculture of Zulawy can gain
most importantly. Natural water conditions of this
area are shaped by precipitation and evapotranspira-
tion, and therefore also by the spatial distribution
of soil types with their natural properties of wa-
ter retention as well as by the density of water
flows, from which water infiltrates to the sur-
rounding land.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
267
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial
268
Organization and Regional Development
5. Final remarks
Zulawy of Vistula is the region commonly,
though mistakenly, assigned the agricultural pro-
duction space with the most favorable soil and
climate conditions for cultivation, The special
character of Zulawy is exemplified by the fact
that, in contrast to other regions of the country,
dry years bring higher crop yields than wet years,
Yield differences among those years in which the
same precipitation levels occurred indicate the
singular importance of temporal precipitation dis-
tribution not only in the four agrotechnical peri-
ods of the year, but even in the particular biolog-
ical development phases of individual plant species,
This fact can be exemplified by the data of the
years 1971-1972,
Similarly, high humidity during seed prepara-
tion, especially for autumn sowing, is important not
only for allowing determination of optimal seed
time, but also for insuring homogeneous and not
graded sprouting, This condition has decisive im-
portance for crops in Vistula Zulawy, especially
such autumn sown crops as rapeseed, wheat, and
barley, In some years, with too much precipitation
in the late summer and autumn season, preparation
of fields for autumn fertilizer application for win-
ter crops is very difficult or even impossible at
the optimal point of time, especially in view of
specific features of heavy soils of the Zulawy area,
Such situations occurred, for instance, in 1970,
1978, and 1984,
In light of considerations presented here,
the natural environment of the Vistula valley and
Vistula delta Zulawy can be characterized by the
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 69
following positive and negative features:
I. Three positive features
a. Excellent phytoclimate, especially in the
late spring and early summer particularly during
the periods of continental weather.
b. Fertile retentive and absorptive soils on
the majority of the region's area.
c. Large subsurface and surface water re-
sources.
Four negative features:
a. Disadvantageous phytoclimate in early
spring and in mid-spring, delaying plant develop-
ment.
b. Rainy, wet late autumn periods.
c. Too high groundwater levels falling off
too late, but sometimes also too quickly.
d. Drought periods occurring sometimes, harm-
ful for some plants that cannot develop their root
system in time or that by their very nature are
shallowly rooted.
Keeping in mind the highly random course of
weather patterns in Zulawy, special attention should
be paid to soils and to optimization of farm tech-
nology as well as improvement of agriculture infra-
structure together with the overall agricultural
service system.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial
270
Organization and Regional Development
ZA TO K A GDA NS KA
GDA NS K
zAtE44 y
wisLAN
ELBLAG
MALBLoRK
o
2
tc'
EZ 3
0 3 6 9 12 krn
1 - water source and improvement station
2 - main line
3 - area of the supply system reach
FIGURE 7
Central Zulawy water supply line
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, 271
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
References, all in Polish
1. GORSKI, P., ed /1971/72/ Information Bulletin
of the Voivodship Station of Plant Protec-
tion. Gdansk.
2. LASKOWSKI, St. /1957/ Zulawy in the light of
agricultural research. Roczniki Nauk Rol-
niczych T66, series D.
3. LASKOWSKI, St. /1967/ Natural-agricultural
regionalization within the Vistula delta
Zulawy. Zeszyty Naukowe WSR Szczecin, No. 6.
4. MAJEWSKI, M. /1969/ Hydrographic development
of the Vistula delta in the historical period.
Przeglad geograficzny,
1.
5. PODOSKI, K. /1960/ Gdansk voivodship in the
period 1945-1959.Publication of: Towarzyst-
wo Rozwoju Ziem Zachodnich Gdansk.
6. Problems of intensification of cereal produc-
tion /July 1973/ Joint report. In: Materialy
na konferencje naukowo-techniczna SITR,
Malbork.
7. Protection of environment and intensification
of agricultural production /March 1972/.
Joint report. In: Materialy z konferencji
naukowo-technicznej, Gdansk.
8. RyBAKI A. /1969/ Natural and economic aspects
of raw material acquisition for flax proces-
sing in Malbork. Ph. D. dissertation.
9. RYBAK, A. /1973/ Natural and organizational
conditions of cereals production in Gdansk
voivodship. In: Materialy z konferencji
naukowo-technicznej, Malbork.
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 27 2
Organization and Regional Development
10. Vistula Delta Zulawy. Joint report. Publication
of: Gdanskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. Przymorze
Gdanskie series, No. 3, Gdansk.
11. WITEK, T. /1959/ Soil map of Vistula Zulawy,
scale 1:100 000 Pulawy.
12. WITEK, T. /1961/ Initial study of the evolu-
tion of Vistula Zulawy silts. Roczniki Nauk
Rolniczych, 82 - A -3.
13. WoJCIK, P. /1973/ Agriculture of the Zulawy
region in Vistula delta. Zeszyty Naukowe
ART Olsztyn, special issue No. 107,
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 7 3
•
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 274
Organization and Regional Development
Table 2
Index of the Average soil
Name of commune
agricultural quality index
production
space value,
in points
Elblag
82.1
1.20
Gronowo Elblaskie
87.7
1.32
Markusy
84.0
1.38
Nowy Dwor
95.7
1.36
Ostaszewo
98.6
1.40
Stegna
93.7
1.31
sztutowo
92.4
1.26
Lichmowy
99.9
1.4o
Malbork
96.1
1.33
Miloradz
93.9
1.34
Nowy Staw
97.8
1.34
Stare Pole
93.9
1.34
Cedry Wielkie
95.8
1.25
Pruszcz Gdanski
82.6
1.11
Pszczolki
90.3
1.20
Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers,
2 7 5
Spatial Organization and Regional Development
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Arkadiusz Rybak : Characterization of Natural-Hydrological Conditions Within the Vistula Delta /Zulawy Region/
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs,Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 251-276. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Regional Development
2 7 6
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