Discussion Papers 1988.
Spatial Organization and Regional Development 220-236. p.
220
Jozsef TOTH
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM OF THE
GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN
1. The historical legacy
The characteristic features of the settlement
system of the Great Hungarian Plain and of the ur-
banization manifested within its framework are a
product of history. Among them, the relative
backwardness - compared to other Hungarian regions -
should be emphasized /Enyedi 1970; Beluszky 1973;
Gyimesi 1975/. As early as the period of feudal
urban development in Hungary, in contrast to the
civic towns of regions with population engaged
in mining, handicraft, and trade, only agrarian
towns of incomplete social structure and simpler
functions came about in the Great Plain. These towns
partially had lost their population during the Ot-
toman Occupation and subsequently became repopulated
/adjusting to the requirements of land occupation
and agricultural production/ in a settlement system
different from other regions.
Although river regulations, railway construc-
tions, and capitalistic industrialization accele-
rated the transformation of the socio-economic
structure of this settlement system, the inherent
relative backwardness has persisted. The develop-
ment around the millenium, which was far from being
exempt from contradictions, was broken by the First
World War and the Treaty of Trianon, which changed
the national borders drastically.

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
221
The situation of the settlement system in
the Great Hungarian Plain before the Second World
War - also described by several researchers abroad
/den Hollander 1980/ - can be summarized as -below
/Toth 1985/:
- the agrarian towns with large hinterlands
consisting of extended systems of "tanyas" /scat-
tered farmsteads/ - with some exceptions - did not
fletion as foci of urbanization concentrating pop-
ulation regionally;
- the process of urbanization was at a
backward stage even compared to the international-
ly low level in Hungary;
- large industry hardly existed and terti-
ary functions were also underdeveloped;
- slow social restratification was coupled
with a low degree of spatial mobility;
- a rigid, conservative social structure
existed in villages, including giant villages of
ten thousand people;
- the extended system of tanyas practically
was unaffected by urbanization;
- this settlement system of sparse and pop-
ulous elements was only slightly differentiated,
the zones of attraction were indefinite and, in
their formation, only few functions /administrative
and market/ played a significant role.
As a whole, the settlement system at the
time in the Great Plain reflected the position of
the region in the national regional division of
labour. This is characterized by relative back-
wardness and the ratio of agricultural activities

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
222
above the national average.
2. Main factors in the post-war transformation
The rapid and large-scale socio-economic
changes that occurred after the Second World War
found the Great Plain in a backward condition re-
sulting from the historical development of the na-
tional regional division of labour. For each stage
of this development, the situation was unfavourable
in the Great Plain. Reconstruction was possible and,
in the interest of the country, needed in places
where something had existed previously and been
destroyed and where the reintroduction of capaci-
ties promised the rapid expansion of production.
Similarly, in the stage of accelerated industriali-
zation, the areas with existing larger plants and
heightened prospects for cooperation were favoured.
In Hungary, as in general in the socialist countries,
industrialization took place through the sectoral
and regional redistribution of the national income
produced by agriculture, by far the most important
economic branch in the Great Plain. As the progress
in infrastructure was mostly bound to industry, the
backwardness of the Great Plain was maintained in
this field and, in some cases, even increased. The
total effect of all these circumstances was un-
favourable for the living conditions of the popula-
tion and, along with the uncertain situation fol-
lowing the collectivization of agriculture, resul,
ted in large-scale outmigration. The consequences
for the demographic structure of the Great Plain
are hardly remedied.
The main feature of this first period /to
the mid-1960s/ was the preservation of the back-

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
223
wardness of the Great Plain in an interregional
comparison. In the second period, since the mid-
1960s when the planned industrialization of the
Great Plain commenced, this first affected the
major focul points of the region /such as Szeged,
Debrecen, Szolnok, Kecskem4t, and others/ and
later spread to the other towns. Intraregional in-
equalities started to grow in accordance to dif-
ferences in the date of beginning and extent of in-
dustrialization and in the physical conditions for
large scale farming. The resulting picture is that,
in spite of the undoubted progress compared to its
own past, the Great Plain remained a periphery of
the centre comprising Hungary and the so...called in-
dustrial axis of the country. Since development
concentrated on towns, several portions became
peripheries to periphery.
The transformation of the social and occupa-
tional structure of a settlement's population are
important factors in urbanization. The settlements
of the Great Plain used to be dominated by the
predominance of agriculture and, in spite of the
large-scale changes, the ratio of agricultural
workers is still characteristically higher than the
national average today. This feature is primarily
manifest at the lower levels of the hierarchy of
settlement, but it is observed in the higher cate-
gories, too. As all over the country, urbanization
and occupational restratification were driven by
industry. Since most of the Great Plain settlements
were overlooked in the first stage of extensive in-
dustrialization, the majority of people who gave up
farming and found employment in industry moved from
the region. Thus, the ratio of resident non-agri-

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
224
cultural workers increased within the declining
total population. The level of urbanization in the
Great Plain measured by occupational structure also
increased in this way /T6th 1977/, through  Eocalled
passive urbanization.
Because of the delayed development of the
Great Hungarian Plain, only in the second stage of
intensive industrialization, which also reached
the Great Plain, and in the expansion of non-agri-
cultural activities on large farms /from the second
half of the 1960s/, industry started to function as
the actual driving force of urbanization in the
Great Plain. As a natural consequence of delay,
with the exception of the most urbanized towns and
some settlements of special functions, the settle-
ments of the Great Plain remain at this stage,while
the leading role of industry has been taken over by
the tertiary sector in Hungary. Modern agriculture
also intensifies urbanization and, in addition to
the smallest settlements, is decisive in some small
towns as well /such as in Nadudvar and MezEihegyes/.
It is a  new  phenomenon that, through the building
of housing estates around the centres of large
farms, agriculture contributes to the birth of new
settlements /Csatari
Enyedi  1985/.
The major socio-economic changes and the rise
of living standards have also transformed the
outward appearance of settlements. With the organi-
zation of large farms, the introduction of industry,
and the development of services and utilities, new
functionS-and related morphological elements ap-
peared in the traditional market towns and villages
/Becsei 1973/.

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
22 5
The settlement system, which acts as the
framework of urbanization in the Great Plain, is
different from that  in  other parts of Hungary,
since it has larger elements /Toth 1964/.
/The average population of a village in the Great
Plain is  2773  people, double the figure of other
parts of the country where villages number 1365
people on average./ This is a favourable condi-
tion in itself, but it has not been exploitable
as a consequence of the nature of the economy,
delay, the higher-than-average figure for outlying
population /Fig. 1/and, last but not least, the
settlement policy leading to an exaggerated degree
of concentration /embodied in the National Plan
for Settlement Network Development of 1971/.
In the wake of the accelerated development
of the past decades, the previously mostly homo-
genous agrarian region has benldifferentiated ter-
ritorially and a more remarkable spatial organiza-
tion has come about. There is not only a hierarchy
of settlement formed but a differentiation according
to spatial location observed. The settlements pre-
viously functioning as more or less closed autono-
mous systems became rather open and inter-settlement
relationships intensified and became multilateral.
The centre-periphery relations also intensified and
intercentral connections and highly urbanized belts
have come about. Although in all these processes a
delay is observed in the Great Plain, their occur-
rence and influence are unambiguously indicative of
the modernization of the region.
The two highest developed settlements of the
Great  Plain are the two regional centres, Debrecen
and  Szeged. Their size, functions, system of in-

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
227
stitutions, economic role, as well as the social
structure and level of supply of their population,
all indicate their outstanding place among the
other settlements of the region; they can only be
compared to other regional centres in Hungary
/such as Pecs, Miskolc, and GyEir/. Their influence
has accelerated the transformation of the agrarian
settlements intheir vicinity; in the environs of Sze-
ged, with a denser network of settlements, it re-
sulted in an agglomeration ring, which is now also
acknowledged by administrative boundaries /Krajko
Penzas
Toth 1969/.
The other four county seats of the Great
Plain also belong to the earliest urbanized settle-
ments. Their position is related to the development
objectives of the settlements themselves and also
to the decisive role played by counties in the Hun-
garian system of redistribution, which even today
remains considerable.
The other towns have also advanced in urbani-
zation, but the levels reached vary widely. Baja,
HOdmez5vAs6rhely, and HajduszoboszlO are prominent
as examples of the fundamental types of relatively
rapid urbanization /multifunctional, agrarian-in-
dustrial, and recreational/. There have been essen-
tial and beneficial functional and morphological
changes in the formerly typical market towns /such
as Karcag, Jaszber4ny, Kiskunf6legyhaza, Cegl4d,
MakO, and others/ too.
Among the Great Plain settlements, the giant
villages, with 6,000 to 15,000 people, are charac-
teristic /they were small towns in some periods of
their history/; some forty giant villages provide
dwellings for about one-seventh of the population

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
228
of the Great Hungarian Plain. With minimum central
support, they abandoned the giant village quality
characterized by agricultural occupation to various
extents during the process of urbanization of the
last few decades  /Fig. 2/.
One-third of them have
practically reached the level of small town and
become independent foci of urbanization; another
one-third of them are still bound to a more dy-
namic centre for their development, but follow a
promising trend; while the last third are blocked
at a low level of urbanization /Toth
Dovenyi
1983/. Taken as a whole, the hierarchy situation
of settlements with any central functions has
not changed essentially /Pap 1984/; the differences,
however, have increased as a result of more dynamic
development and the related structural alterations
/Fig.  3  and 4/.
Although their progress was slow, the Great
Plain villages have differentiated to a large degree.
The factors that have a part to play in the diffe-
rentiation are rural industry /Barta 1979/; some
prosperous agricultural large farms /Meszaros
1982/; favourable location related to traffic,
proximity of towns, and recreation facilities; or
some combination of these. The development of set-
tlements along the national border stopped at an
especially low level of urbanization because of
their unfavourable location in the traffic shadow
/Toth
Csatari 1983/. Thus, significant varia-
tion has come about in the living conditions of
rural areas, too. The process is worth notice
that, as a consequence of the lose of population
in larger villages and of the appearance of set-
tlements on new /agricultural/ bases, there is  a

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
229
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FIGURE 2 Development types of the giant villages
and small towns of the Great Plain

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
230
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FIGURE 3 Hierarchic levels of the Great Plain
centres

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
231
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ture
FIGURE 4 Development -  structural  types of
Great Plain centres

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
23 2
growth in the categories of small villages and
hamlets during the last decades.
Urbanization has also affected the system
of tanyas in the Great Plain. The decisive impact
on this typically Great Plain type of settlement
was the rapid and spatially differentiated elimina-
tion of tanyas and the movement of the population
into the more urbanized towns and villages. At the
same time, the living conditions of residents in
the preserved tanyas of favourable location in the
vicinity of towns in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve
have improved remarkably. Today the tanya is the
dwelling place of families with hardly any contact
with traditional agricultural production. Second
homes rebuilt from tanyas are more and more numerous
/KirAly 1984/.
3. Future perspectives
In the strategy for regional and settlement
development approved in the first half of the 1980s,
an increased role is attributed to the local sources
and energies of settlement development. This circum-
stance will help promote the settlement system of
the Great Plain to enter into its third stage of
post-war progress. Compared to the previous stage,
the settlement system may develop in a more balanced
way in this third period since the development of
towns and their attraction zones is more coordinated
and their interactions are stronger.
The more proportional distribution of devel-
opment funds between regions and categories of set-
tlements and the growth of the relative importance
of local sources provides more favourable opportuni-
ties for the settlement system of the Great Plain.

Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial Organization and Development
233
However, as a result of the considerable deterio-
ration of the position of Hungary in the world
economy and increasing economic problems, this
favourable position is only relative to other re-
gions of Hungary and is not manifest in an absolute
sense. In spite of that, the interpretation is
justified that the lasting dispreference will cease
or reduce and the new strategy will contribute to
the exploitation of the favourable features of the
settlement system of the Great Plain. These featu-
res can be summarized as the more populous elements
of the network, the relative balance of social
structure, the more considerable traditions of re-
lying on one's own resources /compelled by former
circumstances/, and closer relationships with ag-
riculture.
All the above suggest that in the further
progress of the settlement system of the Great Plain,
backwardness and delay can be eliminated gradually
over a longer time span and, thus, the difference
will be observed in the future rather in the devel-
opment path of the settlement system in the Great
Plain, which will be of a different nature than
that of other regions in Hungary.
References
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Tóth, József: Transformation of the Settlement System of the Great Hungarian Plain.
In: Spatial Organization and Regional Development. Pécs: Centre for Regional Studies, 1988. 220–236. p.
Discussion Papers, Spatial 23 6
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